Protective effects of an electrophilic metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid on UVB-induced oxidative cell death, dermatitis, and carcinogenesis.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a representative omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, undergoes metabolism to produce biologically active electrophilic species. 17-Oxo-DHA is one such reactive metabolite generated from DHA by cyclooxygenase-2 and dehydrogenase in activated macrophages. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of 17-oxo-DHA on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis in mouse skin. UVB-induced epidermal cell death was ameliorated by topically applied 17-oxo-DHA. Topical application of 17-oxo-DHA onto hairless mouse skin inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of the proinflammatory transcription factor, STAT3 on tyrosine 705 (Tyr705). The 17-oxo-DHA treatment also reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers, 4-hydroxynonenal-modified protein, malondialdehyde, and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. The protective effects of 17-oxo-DHA against oxidative damage in UVB-irradiated mouse skin were associated with activation of Nrf2. 17-Oxo-DHA enhanced the engulfment of apoptotic JB6 cells by macrophages, which was related to the increased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36. The 17-oxo-DHA-mediated potentiation of efferocytic activity of macrophages was attenuated by the pharmacologic inhibition or knockout of Nrf2. The pretreatment with 17-oxo-DHA reduced the UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis and tumor angiogenesis. It was also confirmed that 17-oxo-DHA treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of the Tyr705 residue of STAT3 and decreased the expression of its target proteins in cutaneous papilloma. In conclusion, 17-oxo-DHA protects against UVB-induced oxidative cell death, dermatitis, and carcinogenesis. These effects were associated with inhibition of STAT3-mediated proinflammatory signaling and also activation of Nrf2 with subsequent upregulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory gene expression.

Treatment of chemotherapy-induced cachexia with BST204: a multimodal validation study.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy is a major etiology of cachexia. Ginseng products are known to have various anti-cachectic and health-promoting effects, such as inhibiting inflammation and promoting energy production. In particular, BST204, purified ginseng dry extract, contains multiple ginsenosides that can reduce chemotherapy-related fatigue and toxicity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of BST204 on the alleviation of chemotherapy-induced cachexia using a multimodal approach. METHODS: In a CT26 mouse syngeneic colon cancer model, cachexia was predominantly induced by chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) than by tumor growth. BST204 at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg was administered to 5-FU-treated mice. RESULTS: BST204 significantly mitigated the decrease in tumor-excluded body weight (change in 5-FU group and BST204 groups: - 13% vs. - 6% on day 7; - 30% vs. - 20% on day 11), muscle volume (- 19% vs. - 11%), and fat volume (- 91% vs. - 56%). The anti-cachectic effect of BST204 was histologically demonstrated by an improved balance between muscle regeneration and degeneration and a decrease in muscle cross-sectional area reduction. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy-induced cachexia was biochemically and metabolically characterized by activated inflammation, enhanced oxidative stress, increased protein degradation, decreased protein stabilization, reduced glucose-mediated energy production, and deactivated glucose-mediated biosynthesis. These adverse effects were significantly improved by BST204 treatment. Overall, our multimodal study demonstrated that BST204 could effectively alleviate chemotherapy-induced cachexia.

High-fiber diets attenuate emphysema development via modulation of gut microbiota and metabolism.

Dietary fiber functions as a prebiotic to determine the gut microbe composition. The gut microbiota influences the metabolic functions and immune responses in human health. The gut microbiota and metabolites produced by various dietary components not only modulate immunity but also impact various organs. Although recent findings have suggested that microbial dysbiosis is associated with several respiratory diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and allergy, the role of microbiota and metabolites produced by dietary nutrients with respect to pulmonary disease remains unclear. Therefore, we explored whether the gut microbiota and metabolites produced by dietary fiber components could influence a cigarette smoking (CS)-exposed emphysema model. In this study, it was demonstrated that a high-fiber diet including non-fermentable cellulose and fermentable pectin attenuated the pathological changes associated with emphysema progression and the inflammatory response in CS-exposed emphysema mice. Moreover, we observed that different types of dietary fiber could modulate the diversity of gut microbiota and differentially impacted anabolism including the generation of short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and sphingolipids. Overall, the results of this study indicate that high-fiber diets play a beneficial role in the gut microbiota-metabolite modulation and substantially affect CS-exposed emphysema mice. Furthermore, this study suggests the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota and metabolites from a high-fiber diet in emphysema via local and systemic inflammation inhibition, which may be useful in the development of a new COPD treatment plan.

Lower Serum n-3 Fatty Acid Level in Older Adults with Sarcopenia.

The n-3 fatty acid (FA) has evoked considerable interest as a modifiable factor for maintenance of muscle health owing to its anti-inflammatory properties. To clarify this possibility, we investigated circulating n-3 FA level, a reliable biomarker of FA status in the body, in relation to sarcopenia in a cohort of Asian older adults. Blood samples were collected from 125 participants who underwent comprehensive assessment of muscle mass and function. Serum FA level was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the cut-off points specified for the Asian population. After adjusting for sex, age, and body mass index, subjects with sarcopenia and those with low muscle strength had 36.5% and 32.4% lower serum n-3 levels (P = 0.040 and 0.030), respectively, than controls. The odds ratios per standard deviation increment in serum n-3 level for sarcopenia and low muscle strength were 0.29 and 0.40 (P = 0.015 and 0.028), respectively. A higher serum n-3 level was significantly associated with greater muscle strength (P = 0.038). These findings suggest a possible protective effect of n-3 FA on human muscle homeostasis. Further well-designed large-scale longitudinal studies are necessary to understand the definite role of circulating n-3 FA level in sarcopenia risk assessment.

Preventive effects of Korean red ginseng on experimentally induced colitis and colon carcinogenesis.

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) exerts chemopreventive effects on experimentally induced carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms. In this study, we investigated effects of KRG on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM) plus DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed diet containing 1% KRG or a standard diet throughout the experiment. The mouse colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS in drinking water for 1 week. DSS caused body weight loss, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and colon length shortening, and all these symptoms were ameliorated by KRG treatment. KRG inhibited DSS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by suppressing activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3). In another experiment, colon carcinogenesis was initiated by single intraperitoneal injection of AOM (10 mg/kg) and promoted by 2% DSS in drinking water. KRG administration relieved the symptoms of colitis and reduced the incidence, the multiplicity and the size of colon tumor. The up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS, c-Myc and Cyclin D1 by AOM plus DSS was attenuated in KRG fed mice which was associated with suppression of NF-κB and STAT3 activation. These results suggest that KRG is a potential candidate for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated cancer in the colon.

Generation of expandable human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like liver organoids.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The development of hepatic models capable of long-term expansion with competent liver functionality is technically challenging in a personalized setting. Stem cell-based organoid technologies can provide an alternative source of patient-derived primary hepatocytes. However, self-renewing and functionally competent human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived hepatic organoids have not been developed. METHODS: We developed a novel method to efficiently and reproducibly generate functionally mature human hepatic organoids derived from PSCs, including human embryonic stem cells and induced PSCs. The maturity of the organoids was validated by a detailed transcriptome analysis and functional performance assays. The organoids were applied to screening platforms for the prediction of toxicity and the evaluation of drugs that target hepatic steatosis through real-time monitoring of cellular bioenergetics and high-content analyses. RESULTS: Our organoids were morphologically indistinguishable from adult liver tissue-derived epithelial organoids and exhibited self-renewal. With further maturation, their molecular features approximated those of liver tissue, although these features were lacking in 2D differentiated hepatocytes. Our organoids preserved mature liver properties, including serum protein production, drug metabolism and detoxifying functions, active mitochondrial bioenergetics, and regenerative and inflammatory responses. The organoids exhibited significant toxic responses to clinically relevant concentrations of drugs that had been withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity and recapitulated human disease phenotypes such as hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our organoids exhibit self-renewal (expandable and further able to differentiate) while maintaining their mature hepatic characteristics over long-term culture. These organoids may provide a versatile and valuable platform for physiologically and pathologically relevant hepatic models in the context of personalized medicine. LAY SUMMARY: A functionally mature, human cell-based liver model exhibiting human responses in toxicity prediction and drug evaluation is urgently needed for pre-clinical drug development. Here, we develop a novel human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like liver organoid that is critically advanced in terms of its generation method, functional performance, and application technologies. Our organoids can contribute to the better understanding of liver development and regeneration, and provide insights for metabolic studies and disease modeling, as well as toxicity assessments and drug screening for personalized medicine.

The Relationship between Cold Hypersensitivity in the Hands and Feet and Health-Related Quality of Life in Koreans: A Nationwide Population Survey.

AIM: We investigated the distribution of cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet (CHHF) and examined the association between CHHF and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Koreans. METHODS: Stratified multistage sampling was used for random selection of 2,201 adults. HRQOL was assessed using the Short-Form 12-Item Health Survey (SF-12). Cold hypersensitivity was measured using a new self-report questionnaire to score the extent of cold sensation in their hands, feet, and abdomen using a 7-point scale. The correlation between CHHF and HRQOL was analysed using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Cold hypersensitivity was present in the hands of 21.6%, the feet of 23.0%, and the abdomen in 22.5% of participants. Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet was observed in 17.9%, at least one body part (hands, feet, or abdomen) in 34.2%, and all three body regions in 12.3% of participants. The prevalence of cold hypersensitivity was significantly higher among women than among men, irrespective of the involved body part. Cold hypersensitivity scores in the hands and feet correlated negatively with body mass index, but not with age. The physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) of the SF-12 were both significantly lower in women with than in those without CHHF. Among men, only the PCS was significantly lower in the CHHF group. Multiple regression analysis, adjusted for sociodemographic variables, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), confirmed that CHHF had negative effects on PCS and MCS. CONCLUSIONS: CHHF is more common in women and in individuals with a lower BMI. CHHF has an independent negative effect on HRQOL.

Matrine suppresses KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer growth by inhibiting autophagy-mediated energy metabolism.

Matrine is a natural compound extracted from the herb Sophora flavescens Ait which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases. Recently, matrine was reported to have antitumor effects against a variety of cancers without any obvious side effects; however, the molecular mechanisms of its antiproliferative effects on cancer are unclear. Here, we report that matrine inhibits autophagy-mediated energy metabolism, which is necessary for pancreatic cancer growth. We found that matrine significantly reduces pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo by insufficiently maintaining mitochondrial metabolic function and energy level. We also found that either pyruvate or α-ketoglutarate supplementation markedly rescues pancreatic cancer cell growth following matrine treatment. Inhibition of mitochondrial energy production results from matrine-mediated autophagy inhibition by impairing the function of lysosomal protease. Matrine-mediated autophagy inhibition requires stat3 downregulation. Furthermore, we found that the antitumor effect of matrine on pancreatic cancer growth depends on the mutation of the KRAS oncogene. Together, our data suggest that matrine can suppress the growth of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer by inhibiting autophagy-mediated energy metabolism.

Comparative Effects of Curcumin and Tetrahydrocurcumin on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis and Inflammatory Signaling in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Curcumin, a yellow ingredient of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn, Zingiberaceae), has long been used in traditional folk medicine in the management of inflammatory disorders. Although curcumin has been reported to inhibit experimentally-induced colitis and carcinogenesis, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unresolved. METHODS: Murine colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) which mimics inflammatory bowel disease. Curcumin or tetrahydrocurcumin was given orally (0.1 or 0.25 mmol/kg body weight daily) for 7 days before and together with DSS administration (3% in tap water). Collected colon tissue was used for histologic and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Administration of curcumin significantly attenuated the severity of DSS-induced colitis and the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 as well as expression of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In contrast to curcumin, its non-electrophilic analogue, tetrahydrocurcumin has much weaker inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS: Intragastric administration of curcumin inhibited the experimentally induced murine colitis, which was associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling mediated by NF-κB and STAT3.

Curcumin interacts directly with the Cysteine 259 residue of STAT3 and induces apoptosis in H-Ras transformed human mammary epithelial cells.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is latent but constitutively activated in many types of cancers. It is well known that STAT3 plays a key role in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory natural compound isolated from the turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) that has been extensively used in a traditional medicine over the centuries. In the present study, we have found that curcumin inhibits STAT3 signaling that is persistently overactivated in H-Ras transformed breast epithelial cells (H-Ras MCF10A). Specific cysteine residues present in STAT3 appear to be critical for the activity as well as conformation of this transcription factor. We identified the cysteine residue 259 of STAT3 as a putative site for curcumin binding. Site-directed mutation of this cysteine residue abolished curcumin-induced inactivation of STAT3 and apoptosis in H-Ras MCF10A cells. The α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of curcumin appears to be essential in its binding to STAT3 in H-Ras MCF10A cells. Tetrahydrocurcumin that lacks such electrophilic moiety failed to interact with STAT3 and to induce apoptosis in the same cell line. Taken together, our findings suggest that curcumin can abrogate aberrant activation of STAT3 through direct interaction, thereby inhibiting STAT3-mediated mammary carcinogenesis.

Endogenous ω-3 Fatty Acid Production by fat-1 Transgene and Topically Applied Docosahexaenoic Acid Protect against UVB-induced Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis.

The present study was intended to explore the effects of endogenously produced ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis using hairless fat-1 transgenic mice harboring ω-3 desaturase gene capable of converting ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs. Upon exposure to UVB irradiation, fat-1 transgenic mice exhibited a significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia, oxidative skin damage, and photocarcinogenesis as compared to wild type mice. The transcription factor, Nrf2 is a master regulator of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. While the protein expression of Nrf2 was markedly enhanced, the level of its mRNA transcript was barely changed in the fat-1 transgenic mouse skin. Topical application of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a representative ω-3 PUFA, in wild type hairless mice induced expression of the Nrf2 target protein, heme oxygenase-1 in the skin and protected against UVB-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and papillomagenesis. Furthermore, transient overexpression of fat-1 gene in mouse epidermal JB6 cells resulted in the enhanced accumulation of Nrf2 protein. Likewise, DHA treated to JB6 cells inhibited Nrf2 ubiquitination and stabilized it. Taken together, our results indicate that functional fat-1 and topically applied DHA potentiate cellular defense against UVB-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis through elevated activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of cytoprotective gene expression.

Perilla frutescens Extracts Protects against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis: NF-κB, STAT3, and Nrf2 as Putative Targets.

Perilla frutescens is a culinary and medicinal herb which has a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Perilla frutescens extract (PE) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis, an animal model that mimics human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Five-week-old male ICR mice were treated with a daily dose of PE (20 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 1 week, followed by administration of 3% DSS in double distilled drinking water and PE by gavage for another week. DSS-induced colitis was characterized by body weight loss, colon length shortening, diarrhea and bloody stool, and these symptoms were significantly ameliorated by PE treatment. PE administration suppressed DSS-induced expression of proinflammatory enzymes, including cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as cyclin D1, in a dose-dependent fashion. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are major transcriptional regulators of inflammatory signaling. PE administration significantly inhibited the activation of both NF-κB and STAT3 induced by DSS, while it elevated the accumulation of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 in the colon. In another experiment, treatment of CCD841CoN human normal colon epithelial cells with PE (10 mg/ml) resulted in the attenuation of the tumor necrosis factor-α-induced expression/activation of mediators of proinflammatory signaling. The above results indicate that PE has a preventive potential for use in the management of IBD.

Recombinant Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF) Expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana Potentially Inhibits Skin Photoaging.

Responding to the need for recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, we established a scalable expression system for recombinant human aFGF using transient and a DNA replicon vector expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Recombinant human-acidic fibroblast growth factor was recovered following Agrobacterium infiltration of N. benthamiana. The optimal time point at which to harvest recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor expressing leaves was found to be 4 days post-infiltration, before necrosis was evident. Commassie-stained SDS-PAGE gels of His-tag column eluates, concentrated using a 10 000 molecular weight cut-off column, showed an intense band at the expected molecular weight for recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor. An immunoblot confirmed that this band was recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor. Up to 10 µg recombinant human-acidic fibroblast growth factor/g of fresh leaves were achieved by a simple affinity purification protocol using protein extract from the leaves of agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana. The purified recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor improved the survival rate of UVB-irradiated HaCaT and CCD-986sk cells approximately 89 and 81 %, respectively. N. benthamiana-derived recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor showed similar effects on skin cell proliferation and UVB protection compared to those of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor. Additionally, N. benthamiana-derived recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor increased type 1 procollagen synthesis up to 30 % as well as reduced UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in fibroblast (CCD-986sk) cells.UVB is a well-known factor that causes various types of skin damage and premature aging. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that N. benthamiana-derived recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor effectively protects skin cell from UVB, suggesting its potential use as a cosmetic or therapeutic agent against skin photoaging.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bee Venom in BV2 Microglial Cells: Mediation of MyD88-Dependent NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Bee venom has long been used as a traditional folk medicine in Korea. It has been reportedly used for the treatment of arthritis, cancer, and inflammation. Although its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated inflammatory cells has been reported, the exact mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of bee venom in BV2 microglial cells. We first investigated whether NO production in LPS-activated BV2 cells was inhibited by bee venom, and further iNOS mRNA and protein expressions were determined. The mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines were examined using semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Moreover, modulation of the transcription factor NF-κB by bee venom was also investigated using a luciferase assay. LPS-induced NO production in BV2 microglial cells was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner upon pretreatment with bee venom. Bee venom markedly reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and suppressed LPS-induced activation of MyD88 and IRAK1 and phosphorylation of TAK1. Moreover, NF-κB translocation by IKKα/ß phosphorylation and subsequent IκB-α degradation were also attenuated. Thus, collectively, these results indicate that bee venom exerts its anti-inflammatory activity via the IRAK1/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Combined effect of photobiomodulation with a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor on the rate of relapse in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate combined effect of photobiomodulation with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor on the relapse rate in relation to MMP expression in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two rats were divided into four groups according to the treatment modality: control group, irradiation group, doxycycline group, and irradiation with doxycycline group. During a relapse period of 5 days after orthodontic movement, maxillary central incisors were treated by low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a photobiomodulation and/or doxycycline as a synthetic MMP inhibitor. Relapse rate was evaluated in association with MMP expression at the gene and protein levels. RESULTS: Relapse rates were increased by LLLT (1.57-fold) and decreased by doxycycline (0.83-fold) compared with the control, showing positive correlation with the levels of expression for all MMPs in the periodontal ligament (PDL). LLLT concomitant with doxycycline administration resulted in no significant differences of relapse rate and MMP expression from the control. CONCLUSIONS: The combined effect of photobiomodulation with an MMP inhibitor around the relapsing teeth proved to be antagonistic to PDL remodeling activity during relapse. This study suggests a basis for developing a novel biologic procedure targeting the MMP-dependent PDL remodeling to control the relapse rate.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement into bone-grafted alveolar defects.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) into bone-grafted alveolar defects based on different healing states. METHODS: Ten male beagles were randomly allocated to 3 groups: group C, OTM alone as a control; group G, OTM into the grafted defects; group GL, OTM into the grafted defects with LLLT. The maxillary second premolars were protracted into the defects for 6 weeks, immediately (G-0 and GL-0) and at 2 weeks (G-2 and GL-2) after surgery. The defects were irradiated with a diode laser (dose, 4.5 J/cm(2)) every other day for 2 weeks. The rates of OTM and alveolar bone apposition, and maturational states of the defects were analyzed by histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, and histology. RESULTS: The total amounts of OTM and new bone apposition rates were decreased by LLLT, with increased bone mineral density and trabecular maturation in the defects. Group GL-2 had the slowest movement with root resorption in relation to less woven bone in the hypermatured defect. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT significantly decreased the rate of OTM into the bone-grafted surgical defects by accelerating defect healing and maturation, particularly when the start of postoperative OTM was delayed.

The inhibitory mechanism of crude saponin fraction from Korean Red Ginseng in collagen-induced platelet aggregation.

BACKGROUND: Korean Red Ginseng has been used as a traditional oriental medicine to treat illness and to promote health for several thousand years in Eastern Asia. It is widely accepted that ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, are the major active ingredients responsible for Korean Red Ginseng's therapeutic activity against many kinds of illness. Although the crude saponin fraction (CSF) displayed antiplatelet activity, the molecular mechanism of its action remains to be elucidated. METHODS: The platelet aggregation was induced by collagen, the ligand of integrin αIIßI and glycoprotein VI. The crude saponin's effects on granule secretion [e.g., calcium ion mobilization and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release] were determined. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. In addition, the activation of integrin αIIbßIII was examined by fluorocytometry. RESULTS: CSF strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner. It also markedly suppressed [Ca(2+)]i mobilization in collagen-stimulated platelets. Immunoblotting assay revealed that CSF significantly suppressed ERK1/2, p38, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, our fraction strongly inhibited the fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbß3. CONCLUSION: Our present data suggest that CSF may have a strong antiplatelet property and it can be considered as a candidate with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders involving abnormal platelet function.

Constituents of the stem barks of Ailanthus altissima and their potential to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production.

Three new canthinone type alkaloids, canthin-6-one-1-O-ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), canthin-6-one-1-O-[6-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2) and canthin-6-one-1-O-[2-ß-D-apiofuranosyl-6-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3) were isolated from the stem barks of Ailanthus altissima together with four quassinoids (4-7), seven phenylpropanoids (8-14) and a lignan of previously known structure (15). The inflammatory activities of the 15 isolates were screened on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), a proinflammatory mediator, in RAW 264.7 cells.

[Two cases of Wernicke´s encephalopathy that developed during total parenteral nutrition in colon cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy].

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) caused by thiamine deficiency is an acute neurological disorder. Clinically, the classic triad of WE consists of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and mental status changes. Thiamine deficiency is known to occur commonly in chronic alcoholic patients. Sometimes, it can occur in patients after gastrointestinal surgery and in those with malabsorption. In addition, patients undergoing renal dialysis, suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum, receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and being treated with chemotherapeutic agents are also prone to develop thiamine deficiency. Herein, we report two cases of WE that developed following simultaneous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy and TPN in colon cancer patients which was successfully treated with thiamine administration.

The importance of a normal breathing pattern for an effective abdominal-hollowing maneuver in healthy people: an experimental study.

CONTEXT: A normal breathing pattern while performing the abdominal-hollowing (AH) maneuver or spinal-stabilization exercise is essential for the success of rehabilitation programs and exercises. In previous studies, subjects were given standardized instructions to control the influence of respiration during the AH maneuver. However, the effect of breathing pattern on abdominal-muscle thickness during the AH maneuver has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To compare abdominal-muscle thickness in subjects performing the AH maneuver under normal and abnormal breathing-pattern conditions and to investigate the effect of breathing pattern on the preferential contraction ratio (PCR) of the transverse abdominis. DESIGN: Comparative, repeated-measures experimental study. SETTING: University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: 16 healthy subjects (8 male, 8 female) from a university population. MEASUREMENT: A real-time ultrasound scanner was used to measure abdominal-muscle thickness during normal and abnormal breathing patterns. A paired t test was used to assess the effect of breathing pattern on abdominal-muscle thickness and PCR. RESULTS: Muscle thickness in the transverse abdominis and internal oblique muscles was significantly greater under the normal breathing pattern than under the abnormal pattern (P < .05). The PCR of the transverse abdominis was significantly higher under the normal breathing pattern compared with the abnormal pattern (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a normal breathing pattern is essential for performance of an effective AH maneuver. Thus, clinicians should ensure that patients adopt a normal breathing pattern before performing the AH maneuver and monitor transverse abdominis activation during the maneuver.