Effects of Methionine Supplementation Levels in Normal or Reduced Protein Diets on the Body Composition and Femur Bone Characteristics of Broilers Challenged with Coccidia.

This study investigated the effects of dietary methionine (Met) levels on the bone quality of broilers challenged with coccidia. A total of 600 fourteen-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were gavaged with mixed Eimeria spp. and randomly allocated into 10 treatment groups by a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. Birds received normal protein diets (NCP) or reduced-protein diets (LCP), containing 2.8, 4.4, 6.0, 7.6, and 9.2 g/kg of Met. Data were analyzed via two-way ANOVA and orthogonal polynomial contrast. At 9 days post-inoculation (DPI), whole body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) linearly decreased as Met levels increased (p < 0.05). For the femoral metaphysis bone quality at 9 DPI, BMD linearly decreased, and porosity linearly increased as Met levels increased (p < 0.05) in the cortical bone. The increased Met levels linearly improved trabecular bone quality in LCP groups (p < 0.05) while not in NCP groups. For the femoral diaphysis cortical bone at 6 DPI, LCP groups had higher BMD and BMC than NCP groups (p < 0.05). Bone volume linearly increased as Met levels increased in LCP groups (p < 0.05) while not in NCP groups. In summary, the results suggested that increased Met levels decreased the cortical bone quality. However, in the context of reduced-protein diets, the increased Met levels improved trabecular bone quality.

Effects of phytase supplementation on broilers fed with calcium and phosphorus-reduced diets, challenged with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina: influence on growth performance, body composition, bone health, and intestinal integrity.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorous (avP)-reduced diet on growth performance, body composition, bone health, and intestinal integrity of broilers challenged with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina. A total of 672 14-day-old male broilers were allocated to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 14 birds per replicate. Two factors were Eimeria challenge and 4 dietary treatments: 1) a positive control (PC; 0.84% Ca and 0.42% avP); 2) a negative control (NC; 0.74% Ca and 0.27% avP); 3) NC + 500 FTU/Kg of phytase (NC + 500PHY); and 4) NC + 1,500 FTU/Kg of phytase (NC + 1500PHY). On d 14, birds in the Eimeria-challenged groups received a solution containing 15,000 sporulated oocysts of E. maxima and 75,000 sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina via oral gavage. At 5 d postinoculation (DPI), the challenged birds showed a higher (P < 0.01) FITC-d level than the unchallenged birds. While the permeability of the NC group did not differ from the PC group, the phytase supplementation groups (NC + 500PHY and NC + 1500PHY) showed lower (P < 0.05) serum FITC-d levels compared to the NC group. Interaction effects (P < 0.05) of Eimeria challenge and dietary treatments on feed intake (FI), mucin-2 (MUC2) gene expression, bone ash concentration, and mineral apposition rate (MAR) were observed. On 0 to 6 and 0 to 9 DPI, Eimeria challenge decreased (P < 0.01) body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), FI, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, fat free bone weight (FFBW), bone ash weight, bone ash percentage and bone ash concentration; and it showed a higher FCR (P < 0.01) compared to the unchallenged group. The reduction Ca and avP in the diet (NC) did not exert adverse effects on all parameters in birds, and supplementing phytase at levels of 500 or 1,500 FTU/Kg improved body composition, bone mineralization, and intestinal permeability, with the higher dose of 1,500 FTU/Kg showing more pronounced enhancements. There was an observed increase in FI (P < 0.01) when phytase was supplemented at 1,500 FTU/Kg during 0 to 6 DPI. In conclusion, results from the current study suggest that dietary nutrients, such as Ca and avP, can be moderately reduced with the supplementation of phytase, particularly in birds infected with Eimeria spp., which has the potential to save feed cost without compromising growth performance, bone health, and intestinal integrity of broilers.

Aflatoxin B1 Impairs Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chickens.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a ubiquitous mycotoxin in corn-based animal feed, particularly in tropical regions, impairs liver function, induces oxidative stress and disrupts cellular pathways, potentially worsening bone health in modern broilers. A 19-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding increasing levels of AFB1-contaminated feed (<2, 75-80, 150, 230-260 and 520-560 ppb) on bone mineralization markers in broilers (n = 360). While growth performance remained unaffected up to Day 19, significant reductions in tibial bone ash content were observed at levels exceeding 260 ppb. Micro-computed tomography results showed that AFB1 levels at 560 ppb significantly decreased trabecular bone mineral content and density, with a tendency for reduced connectivity density in femur metaphysis. Moreover, AFB1 above 230 ppb reduced the bone volume and tissue volume of the cortical bone of femur. Even at levels above 75 ppb, AFB1 exposure significantly downregulated the jejunal mRNA expressions of the vitamin D receptor and calcium and phosphorus transporters. It can be concluded that AFB1 at levels higher than 230 ppb negatively affects bone health by impairing bone mineralization via disruption of the vitamin D receptor and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, potentially contributing to bone health issues in broilers.

Graded levels of Eimeria infection modulated gut physiology and temporarily ceased the egg production of laying hens at peak production.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in gastrointestinal physiology, including intestinal leakage, immune response, oxidative stress, along with performance traits, of Hy-Line W-36 laying hens following Eimeria infection at peak egg production. A total of 360 laying hens, at 25 wk of age, were assigned randomly to 5 treatment groups, each consisting of 6 replicate cages, including a nonchallenged control group. The other 4 groups were inoculated with graded levels of mixed Eimeria species as high, medium-high, medium-low, and low doses, respectively. The body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of laying hens were measured from 0 to 14 days postinoculation (DPI). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and hen-day egg production (HDEP) were measured from 0 to 15 and 0 to 28 DPI, respectively. Gut permeability was measured on 5 DPI, whereas oxidative stress, immune response, and expression of nutrient transporter genes were measured on 6 and 14 DPI. A significant linear reduction in BW and BWG was observed with increased Eimeria inoculation dosage on both 6 and 14 DPI (P < 0.001, P-Lin < 0.0001). An interaction between the Eimeria dosages and DPI was observed for ADFI (P < 0.0001). Feed intake in the challenged groups decreased starting at 4 DPI, with the most significant drop occurring at 7 DPI, which did not recover until 15 DPI. Following the challenge, gastrointestinal physiology shifted toward the host defense against the Eimeria infection by upregulating mRNA expression of tight junction proteins and immune responses while downregulating the expression of key nutrient transporters on 6 and 14 DPI (P < 0.05). An interaction between the Eimeria inoculation dosage and DPI was also observed for daily HDEP (P < 0.0001). Overall, HDEP was lower in the challenged groups compared to the control. Daily HDEP in the challenged groups dropped from 8 DPI and became similar to the control birds only after 24 DPI. Egg production temporarily ceased in most of the laying hens infected with the high and medium-high dosages of Eimeria. In conclusion, Eimeria infection activated the host immune response, negatively affecting the gastrointestinal health, growth performance, and temporarily ceased the egg production of Hy-Line W-36 laying hens when infected at peak production.

Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens.

Bone serves as a multifunctional organ in avian species, giving structural integrity to the body, aiding locomotion and flight, regulating mineral homeostasis, and supplementing calcium for eggshell formation. Furthermore, immune cells originate and reside in the bone marrow, sharing a milieu with bone cells, indicating a potential interaction in functions. In avian species, the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases can alter the growth and the immune response, which costs a great fortune to the poultry industry. Previous studies have shown that coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis can dramatically reduce bone quality as well. However, possible mechanisms on how bone quality is influenced by these disease conditions have not yet been completely understood, other than the reduced feed intake. On the other hand, several mediators of the immune response, such as chemokines and cytokines, play a vital role in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and osteoblasts for bone formation. In the case of Eimeria spp./Clostridium perfringens coinfection, these mediators are upregulated. One possible mechanism for accelerated bone loss after gastrointestinal illnesses might be immune-mediated osteoclastogenesis via cytokines-RANKL-mediated pathways. This review article thus focuses on osteoimmunological pathways and the interaction between host immune responses and bone biology in gastrointestinal diseases like coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis affecting skeletal health.

Impacts of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone development, and intestinal gene expression of broilers fed a nutrient reduced diet.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone ash, bone 3-D microstructure, nutrient digestibility, and gene expression of intestinal biomarkers in broilers fed a regular or nutrient-reduced diet. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate. Two main factors were coccidial vaccine and dietary treatments. The dietary treatments included: 1) a positive control (PC; normal nutrient levels); 2) a negative control (NC; with a reduction of 0.15% of Ca and avP and 5% of essential amino acid (EAA) and crude protein relative to PC); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase; and 4) NC + 1,500 FTU/kg of phytase. No interaction effect of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone ash, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was observed. For the main effect, birds fed the NC diet showed lower (P = 0.007) BWG during d 0 to 21 compared to PC birds, whereas supplementing 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg phytase increased BWG to the similar level to the PC. During d 0 to 21, vaccinated birds had a lower (P < 0.001) FI and better (P = 0.045) FCR compared to unvaccinated birds. Birds fed the NC diet resulted a decrease in tibia fat-free dry bone weight (P = 0.012), ash weight (P = 0.005), ash percentage (P < 0.001), and ash concentration (P = 0.019) compared to the PC group at d 21, whereas supplementing phytase at 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg in NC diet was able to improve these bone parameters to the similar level to the PC; however, vaccination did not have any effect on bone ash. Similarly, birds fed with the NC diet showed had significant lower bone microstructure levels including bone volume, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content (P < 0.001), and supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg improved these parameters. Vaccination improved AID of nitrogen (P < 0.001). Birds from the NC and both phytase supplementation groups had a higher (P = 0.001) AID of Ca compared to the PC. Supplementing phytase at 500 FTU/kg or 1,500 FTU/kg improved (P < 0.001) AID of P compared to the NC. Additionally, the NC had a lower AID of DM than the PC, whereas supplementing phytase at 500 FTU/kg or 1,500 FTU/kg improved DM digestibility (P = 0.0299). In conclusion, supplementation of phytase at 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg improved growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility regardless of vaccination, with a more pronounced effect when supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg.

Effects of Combinations of Toxin Binders with or without Natural Components on Broiler Breeders Exposed to Ochratoxin A.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of toxin binders on broiler breeders fed an ochratoxin A (OTA)-contaminated diet. A total of 60 45-week-old female Arbor Acres broiler breeder birds with an initial body weight of 3.65 ± 0.35 kg were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups, with 10 replicates per group and 1 bird per replicate. The trial was conducted for 9 weeks (including 1 week of adaptation). Feed additive 1 (FA1) was composed of clay minerals (85% bentonite and 12% clinoptilolite) with 3% charcoal. FA2 was composed of clay minerals (66.1% aluminosilicates) with natural components (0.8% artichoke and rosemary plant extracts), 7% yeast extract, 0.5% beta-glucans, and 25.6% carriers. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) birds fed an OTA-free basal diet (Negative Control; NC); (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged birds fed a diet including OTA (4 mg/kg) (Positive Control, PC); (3) the PC with 0.05% FA1 (Treatment 1, T1); (4) the PC with 0.10% FA1 (Treatment 2, T2); (5) the PC with 0.10% FA2 (Treatment 3, T3); and (6) the PC with 0.20% FA2 (Treatment 4, T4). The LPS challenge (an intramuscular injection of 1 mg E. coli O55:B5 LPS per kg of body weight) was performed on the first day of the experiment. The results of this experiment show that the PC treatment negatively affected (p < 0.05) egg production, hatchability, Haugh unit, bone mineralization, relative organ weight (abdominal fat, liver), the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol in the blood, and OTA accumulation in the liver compared with the NC. However, supplementation with toxin binders mitigated (p < 0.05) the negative effects of the OTA. Specifically, supplementation with 0.10% FA1 and 0.10% FA2 increased (p < 0.05) eggshell strength by week 4, and the Haugh unit and bone mineralization (phosphorous) by week 8, while decreasing (p < 0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the levels of GOT and HDL in the blood. Supplementation with 0.10% FA2 led to greater improvements in various parameters, including laying performance and bone mineralization, than the other treatments. In conclusion, toxin binders with or without natural components can be effective tools in the mitigation of OTA-induced problems due to their synergistic effects.

Effect of the combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and higher level of calcium and phosphorus in the diets on bone 3D structural development in pullets.

Bone issues such as osteoporosis are major concerns for the laying hen industry. A study was conducted to improve bone-health in pullets. A total of 448 one-day-old Hyline W36 pullets were randomly assigned to four treatments (8 rep; 14 birds/rep) until 17 weeks (wks). Dietary treatments were: 1) vitamin D3 at (2,760 IU/kg) (D), 2) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg)+62.5 mg 25-(OH)D3/ton (H25D), 3) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg) + 62.5 mg 25-(OH)D3/ton + high Ca&P (H25D + Ca/P), and 4) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg) + high Ca&P (D + Ca/P). The high calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) diet was modified by increasing both high calcium and phosphorus by 30% (2:1) for the first 12 wks and then only increasing P for 12-17 wks to reduce the Ca to P ratio. At 17 wk, growth performance was measured, whole body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and femur bones were scanned using Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) for bone 3D structure analyses. The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA using the GLM procedure, with means deemed significant at p < 0.05. There was no significant outcome for growth performance or dual energy x-ray absorptiometry parameters. Micro-computed tomography results indicated that the H25D + Ca/P treatment had lower open pore volume space, open porosity, total volume of pore space, and total porosity in the cortical bone compared to the D + Ca/P. It also showed that a higher cortical bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in the H25D + Ca/P than in the D + Ca/P. Furthermore, the H25D + Ca/P treatment had the lowest trabecular pattern factor and structure model index compared to the other treatments, which indicates its beneficial effects on trabecular structural development. Moreover, the H25D + Ca/P had a higher trabecular percentage compared to the D and 25D, which suggests the additional high calcium and phosphorus supplementation on top of 25D increased trabecular content in the cavity. In conclusion, the combination of 25D with higher levels of high calcium and phosphorus could improve cortical bone quality in pullets and showed a beneficial effect on trabecular bone 3D structural development. Thus, combination of a higher bio-active form of vitamin D3 and higher levels of high calcium and phosphorus could become a potential feeding strategy to improve bone structural integrity and health in pullets.

Nutritional Strategies to Improve Meat Quality and Composition in the Challenging Conditions of Broiler Production: A Review.

Poultry meat is becoming one of the most important animal protein sources for human beings in terms of health benefits, cost, and production efficiency. Effective genetic selection and nutritional programs have dramatically increased meat yield and broiler production efficiency. However, modern practices in broiler production result in unfavorable meat quality and body composition due to a diverse range of challenging conditions, including bacterial and parasitic infection, heat stress, and the consumption of mycotoxin and oxidized oils. Numerous studies have demonstrated that appropriate nutritional interventions have improved the meat quality and body composition of broiler chickens. Modulating nutritional composition [e.g., energy and crude protein (CP) levels] and amino acids (AA) levels has altered the meat quality and body composition of broiler chickens. The supplementation of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, exogenous enzymes, plant polyphenol compounds, and organic acids, has improved meat quality and changed the body composition of broiler chickens.

Effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass trait, and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value.

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass traits, and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. A total of 90, one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and each replicate of 5 broiler chickens. Treatments were as follows: 1) Basal diet (positive control, PC), 2) Basal diet formulated with full ProAct 360 matrix at 50 g/MT without addition of ProAct 360 (negative control, NC), 3) NC + 50 g/MT ProAct 360 (PA). Supplementation of exogenous protease to nutrient deficient NC diet by matrix values (PA) tended to increase growth performance and significantly improved intestinal morphology compared with the NC group. The PA group had significantly lower fecal score, and higher ATTD of crude protein and amino acids than those of the NC group. Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous protease to NC diet decreased feed cost, resulting in improved profit margin. However, there was no significant difference on carcass yield and relative organ weight. In conclusion, supplementation of exogenous protease using matrix value could be used as economic additive to improve growth, profit margin, digestibility, and gut health in broiler chickens.

Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and calcidiol could be enriched in chicken for improving public nutrition and health. It remains unclear if supranutritional levels of DHA and calcidiol impair growth performance or metabolism of broiler chickens. This study was to determine singular and combined effects of high levels of supplemental DHA-rich microalgal biomass or oil and calcidiol on growth performance, concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterfied fatty acids in plasma, liver, breast, and thigh, and biophysical properties of tibia. METHODS: In Exp. 1, 144 day-old Cornish chicks were divided into 4 groups (6 cages/treatment, 6 birds/cage), and were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD), BD + 10,000 IU calcidiol/kg (BD + Cal), BD + 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg; BD + DHA), and BD + Cal + DHA for 6 weeks. In Exp. 2, 180 day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups, and were fed: BD, BD + DHA (0.33% to 0.66% oil, 1.5 to 3.0 g DHA/kg), BD + DHA + EPA (1.9% to 3.8% eicosapentaenoic acid-rich Nannochloropsis sp. CO18, 0.3 to 0.6 g EPA/kg), BD + DHA + calcidiol (6000 to 12,000 IU/kg diet), and BD + DHA + EPA + Cal for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Birds fed BD + Cal diet in Exp. 1 and BD + DHA + EPA diet in Exp. 2 had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (10%-11%) and gain:feed ratio (7%), and lower (P < 0.05) total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma (18%-54%), liver (8%-26%), breast (19%-26%), and thigh (10%-19%), respectively, over the controls. The two diets also improved (P < 0.05) tibial breaking strength (8%-24%), total bone volume (2%-13%), and (or) bone mineral density (3%-19%) of chickens. CONCLUSION: Supranutrition of dietary calcidiol and DHA alone or together did not produce adverse effects, but led to moderate improvements of growth performance, lipid profiles of plasma and muscle, and bone properties of broiler chickens.

Effects of metabolizable energy and emulsifier supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, body composition, and carcass yield in broilers.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) levels and exogenous emulsifier supplementation on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), body composition, and carcass yield in broilers. The experiment was designed as a 2  ×  2 factorial arrangement with ME levels (control ME vs. reduced 100 kcal/kg ME) and exogenous emulsifier supplementation (0 vs. 0.05 %). A total of 1,000 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 10 replicates and 25 birds per floor pen for 42 d (starter, d 0-14; grower, d 14-28; and finisher, d 28-42). Growth performance was measured biweekly, and AID was evaluated using the indigestible indicator method during d 21 to 28. Body composition was measured at d 35 using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), and carcass yield was evaluated at d 42. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure for 2-way ANOVA. Results indicated reduced ME decreased body weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05). Exogenous emulsifier supplementation improved FCR during the finisher and overall periods (P < 0.05). Reduced ME decreased AID of dry matter (DM), fat, and gross energy (P < 0.05) but increased AID of Val (P = 0.013). Exogenous emulsifier supplementation increased AID of DM, crude protein, His, Ile, Lys, Thr, Val, Pro, Ala, and Tyr (P < 0.05). Reduced ME decreased dressing rate and the relative weight of abdominal fat (P < 0.05). DXA results indicated that reduced ME decreased bone mineral density and fat (P < 0.001) but increased bone mineral contents and muscle (P < 0.05). Therefore, a reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME in the diet had adverse effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, but the use of exogenous emulsifier supplementation improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of tannic acid supplementation in broilers infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.

Infection by Salmonella Typhimurium, a food-borne pathogen, can reduce the poultry production efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid (TA) supplementation on growth performance, Salmonella colonization, gut barrier integrity, serum endotoxin levels, antioxidant capacity, gut health, and immune function in broilers infected with the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium nalidixic acid resistant strain (STNR). A total of 546 one-day-old broilers were arbitrarily allocated into 6 treatments including 1) Sham-challenged control (SCC; birds fed a basal diet and administrated peptone water); 2) Challenged control (CC; birds fed a basal diet and inoculated with 108 STNR); 3) Tannic acid 0.25 (TA0.25; CC + 0.25 g/kg TA); 4) TA0.5 (CC + 0.5 g/kg TA); 5) TA1 (CC + 1 g/kg TA); and 6) TA2 (CC + 2 g/kg TA). On D 7, supplemental TA linearly reduced STNR colonization in the ceca (P < 0.01), and TA1 and TA2 group had significantly lower reduced STNR colonization in the ceca (P < 0.01). On D 7 to 21, average daily gain tended to be linearly increased by supplemental TA (P = 0.097). The serum endotoxin levels were quadratically decreased by supplemental TA on D 21 (P < 0.05). Supplemental TA quadratically increased ileal villus height (VH; P < 0.05), and the TA0.25 group had higher ileal VH compared to the CC group (P < 0.05). Supplemental TA linearly increased percentage of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells on D 18 (P < 0.01). The TA0.5 group had significantly lower lymphocyte numbers compared to the CC groups (P < 0.05). The abundance of monocytes linearly increased with TA supplementation (P < 0.01). Therefore, broilers fed TA had reduced STNR colonization, increased growth performance, decreased serum endotoxin levels, enhanced gut health in the broilers, and stimulated the immune system in broilers infected with STNR. Supplementation of TA (1-2 g/kg) enhanced growth performance and gut health via antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effects in broilers infected with STNR.

Effects of supplemental tannic acid on growth performance, gut health, microbiota, and fat accumulation and optimal dosages of tannic acid in broilers.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dosages of tannic acid (TA) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health, immune system, oxidative status, microbial composition, volatile fatty acids (VFA), bone mineral density, and fat digestion and accumulation in broilers and to find optimal dosages of TA for efficient growth and gut health in broilers. A total of 320 male Cobb500 broilers were randomly distributed to 4 treatments with 8 replicates including 1) tannic acid 0 (TA0): basal diet without TA; 2) tannic acid 0.5 (TA0.5): basal diet with 0.5 g/kg TA; 3) tannic acid 1.5 (TA1.5); and 4) tannic acid 2.5 (TA2.5). Supplemental TA at levels greater than 972 mg/kg tended to reduce BW on D 21 (p = 0.05). The TA2.5 had significantly lower apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein compared to the TA0 group. The AID of ether extract tended to be reduced by TA at levels greater than 525 mg/kg (p = 0.08). The jejunal lipase activities tended to be reduced by TA at levels less than 595.3 mg/kg (p = 0.09). TA linearly decreased goblet cell density in the crypts of the jejunum (p < 0.05) and reduced mRNA expression of mucin two at levels less than 784.9 mg/kg and zonula occludens two at levels less than 892.6 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The TA0.5 group had higher activities of liver superoxide dismutase compared to the TA0 group (p < 0.05). Bone mineral density and contents tended to be linearly decreased by TA (p = 0.05), and the ratio of lean to fat was linearly decreased (p < 0.01). Total cecal VFA production tended to be linearly reduced by TA at levels greater than 850.9 mg/kg (p = 0.07). Supplemental TA tended to increase the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes (p = 0.1) and decrease the relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (p = 0.1). The relative abundance of the family Rikenellaceae was the lowest at 500 mg/kg TA, and the relative abundance of the family Bacillaceae was the highest at 1,045 mg/kg TA. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimum level of supplemental TA would range between 500 and 900 mg/kg; this range of TA supplementation would improve gut health without negatively affecting growth performance in broilers under antibiotic-free conditions.

Effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization, and intestinal gene expression of broilers.

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone mineralization, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal gene expression of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 completely randomized factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds each. Applications of coccidiosis vaccine and different dietary treatments were the 2 main factors in the current study. The dietary treatments included 1) a positive control (PC; 0.90% Ca and 0.45% available P: avP); 2) a negative control (NC; 0.75% Ca and 0.30% AvP); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 500PHY); and 4) NC + 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 1500PHY). Data were analyzed using SAS by 2-way ANOVA via GLM procedure. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and means were further separated using Tukey's Test. The results indicated that vaccination had no effect on growth performance except for feed intake from 0 to 14 d but negatively (P < 0.05) regulated bone ash and Ca digestibility. Birds fed with the Ca and P-reduced diet (NC) showed a lower BWG and bone ash compared to birds fed with the normal diet (PC), but supplementing phytase mitigated the negative effects on those birds. Broilers fed the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) total Ca and P digestibility, and phytate degradation; supplementing phytase further increased P digestibility and phytate degradation of the broilers. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between phytase and vaccination was observed, suggesting the vaccinated birds fed the PC diet and the unvaccinated birds fed the NC + 1500PHY increased calcium-sensing receptor gene expression compared with the unvaccinated birds fed the PC diet. In conclusion, in spite of coccidiosis vaccine, supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg alleviated the negative effects on growth performance, bone mineralization, and apparent ileal digestibility of P and phytate.

The effects of maternal fish oil supplementation rich in n-3 PUFA on offspring-broiler growth performance, body composition and bone microstructure.

This study evaluated the effects of maternal fish oil supplementation rich in n-3 PUFA on the performance and bone health of offspring broilers at embryonic development stage and at market age. Ross 708 broiler breeder hens were fed standard diets containing either 2.3% soybean oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) for 28 days. Their fertilized eggs were collected and hatched. For a pre-hatch study, left tibia samples were collected at 18 days of incubation. For a post-hatch study, a total of 240 male chicks from each maternal treatment were randomly selected and assigned to 12 floor pens and provided with the same broiler diets. At 42 days of age, growth performance, body composition, bone microstructure, and expression of key bone marrow osteogenic and adipogenic genes were evaluated. One-way ANOVA was performed, and means were compared by student's t-test. Maternal use of FO in breeder hen diet increased bone mineral content (p < 0.01), bone tissue volume (p < 0.05), and bone surface area (p < 0.05), but decreased total porosity volume (p < 0.01) during the embryonic development period. The FO group showed higher body weight gain and feed intake at the finisher stage than the SO group. Body composition analyses by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry showed that the FO group had higher fat percentage and higher fat mass at day 1, but higher lean mass and total body mass at market age. The decreased expression of key adipogenic genes in the FO group suggested that prenatal FO supplementation in breeder hen diet suppressed adipogenesis in offspring bone marrow. Furthermore, no major differences were observed in expression of osteogenesis marker genes, microstructure change in trabecular bone, or bone mineral density. However, a significant higher close pores/open pores ratio suggested an improvement on bone health of the FO group. Thus, this study indicates that maternal fish oil diet rich in n-3 PUFA could have a favorable impact on fat mass and skeletal integrity in broiler offspring.

Effects of bacteriophage supplement on the growth performance, microbial population, and PGC-1α and TLR4 gene expressions of broiler chickens.

Bacteriophages (BP) are viruses that invade bacteria and propagate inside them, leading to the lysis of the bacterial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding BP to the broiler's diet and its effect on the performance, morphology and bacterial population of the gut, some immune responses and expression of some intestinal genes. Accordingly, dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control), and control + 0.3 g/kg colistin or 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g BP/kg of diet. BP increased the body weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR), as compared to the colistin treatment, in the finisher and overall period (P < 0.05). European efficiency factor was significantly higher in 1.5 g BP-fed birds, as compared to the control and colistin treatments. meanwhile, bacteriophage and colistin-fed birds had higher Lactobacillus and lowered coliform bacteria counts, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Cecal concentrations of propionate in the 1.5 g BP-fed birds were higher than those in the control treatment (P < 0.05). BP-fed birds had a significantly increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, as compared to the control treatment. BP increased the serum concentrations of the total antibody, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, and IgG, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). In the ileum, the expression of the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) gene was decreased by dietary BP supplementation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression was down-regulated in the BP-fed birds, whereas Interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene expression was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Overall, the use of BP may be a promising alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics in broilers by altering the gastrointestinal tract microbiota, enhancing immunological responses and improving the gut's morphology.

Effects of Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Meat Yield in Broilers Fed Diets With and Without Antibiotics.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of digestible sulfur amino acids (SAA) on performance, carcass yield, immunity, and amino acid transporters in broilers fed diets with or without an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP). In experiment 1, a total of 250 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to battery cages with two levels of AGP (0 and 0.05% bacitracin) and five levels of SAA (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1%) for 21 d. In experiment 2, a total of 900 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to floor pens with two levels of AGP and three levels of SAA for the starter (0.7, 0.8, and 0.9%) or finisher phase (0.52, 0.62, and 0.72%) for 42 d. In experiment 1, from 0 to 7 d, the body weight gain (BWG) was the lowest for birds fed 0.7% SAA. The AGP significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and birds fed 0.9 and 1.1% SAA had significantly lower FCR than 0.7% SAA. From 8 to 14 d, for the AGP-fed birds, the lowest BWG was observed in the 0.7% SAA group. In birds not fed AGP, birds fed 0.8% SAA had higher BWG than 0.7 and 1.1% SAA. Birds fed 0.7% SAA diet had lower feed intake (FI) than 0.8% SAA and higher FCR than 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% SAA. In experiment 2, from 0 to 21 d, the lowest BWG and the highest FCR were observed in birds fed 0.7% SAA, whereas birds fed 0.9% SAA had the highest BWG and lowest FCR. From 22 to 42 d, FCR was lower for birds fed AGP, and for birds fed 0.72%. Interactions between the factors were found for FI and BWG. The whole thigh and wing weights were the highest for 0.62% SAA, and the pectoralis major weight was higher for birds fed 0.62% SAA than those fed 0.52% SAA. There was an interaction between SAA and AGP for Lat1 (large neutral amino acid transporter) expression, and AGP-fed birds had higher expression of ileal interleukin 1ß (Il-1ß gene). The interleukin 10 (Il-10) expression was upregulated in the ileum. There was an interaction between factors for sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B [0] AT1 (SLC6A19) expression. The results suggested that both AGP and SAA supplementation would affect the growth performance of the broilers.

Effects of Selenium Supplementation on the Ion Homeostasis in the Reproductive Organs and Eggs of Laying Hens Fed With the Diet Contaminated With Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Chromium.

The objective of this study was to explore the toxic effects of different heavy metals in combination with their deposition and ion homeostasis in the reproductive organs and eggs of laying hens, as well as the alleviating action of selenized yeast. A total of 160 Lohmann pink-shell laying hens (63-week-old) were randomly allocated into four treatments with 10 replicates of four hens each. The four dietary treatments were the corn-soybean meal basal dietary (control; CON); the CON dietary supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg selenium from selenized yeast (Se); the CON dietary supplemented with 5 mg/kg Cd + 50 mg/kg Pb +3 mg/kg Hg + 5 mg/kg Cr (HEM), and the HEM dietary supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg selenium from selenized yeast (HEM+Se). The dietary HEM significantly increased Cd, Pb, and Hg deposition in the egg yolk and ovary, and Cd and Hg deposition in the oviduct and in the follicular wall (p < 0.05). The HEM elevated Fe concentration in the egg yolk, ovary, and oviduct (p < 0.05). The HEM decreased Mn concentration in the egg yolk, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the egg white, Cu concentration in the ovary, Mg concentration in the oviduct, as well as Ca, Cu, Zn, and Mg concentrations in the follicular walls (p < 0.05). Dietary Se addition elevated Se concentration in the egg yolk, oviduct, and follicular walls and Mg concentration (p < 0.05) in the oviduct, whereas it reduced Fe concentration in the oviduct compared with the HEM-treated hens. Some positive or negative correlations among these elements were observed. Canonical Correlation Analysis showed that the concentrations of Pb and Hg in the egg yolk were positively correlated with those in the ovary. The concentration of Cd in the egg white was positively correlated with that in the oviduct. In summary, dietary Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr in combination caused ion loss and deposition of HEM in reproductive organs of laying hens. Dietary Se addition at 0.4 mg/kg from selenized yeast alleviated the negative effects of HEM on Fe and Mg ion disorder in the oviduct and follicle wall of hens.

Functional role of branched chain amino acids in poultry: a review.

This review provides insight into the effects of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) on the growth, production performance, immunity, and intestinal health of poultry. Besides providing nitrogen substrates and carbon framework for energy homeostasis and transamination, BCAA also function as signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis via protein kinase B and as a mechanistic target of the rapamycin (AKT-mTOR) signaling pathway that is important for muscle accretion. The level of leucine is generally high in cereals and an imbalance in the ratio among the 3 BCAA in a low protein diet would produce a negative effect on poultry growth performance. This occurs due to the structural similarity of the 3 BCAA, which leads to metabolic competition and interference with the enzymatic degradation pathway. Emerging evidence shows that the inclusion of BCAA is essential for the proper functioning of the innate and adaptive immune system and the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity. The recommended levels of BCAA for poultry are outlined by NRC (1994), but commercial broilers and laying hen breed standards also determine their own recommended levels. In this review, it has been noted that the requirement for BCAA is influenced by the diet type, breed, and age of the birds. Additionally, several studies focused on the effects of BCAA in low protein diets as a strategy to reduce nitrogen excretion. Notably, there is limited research on the inclusion ratio of BCAA in a supplemental form as compared to the ingredient-bound form which would affect the dynamics of utilization in different disease-challenged conditions, especially those affecting digesta passage ratio. In summary, this review encompasses the role of BCAA as functional AA and discusses their physiological effects on the productivity and health of poultry. The observations and interpretations of this review can guide future research to adjust the recommended levels of BCAA in feeding programs in the absence of subtherapeutic antibiotics in poultry.