Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Nepali Version of the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and assess the reliability and validity of the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) in pregnant Nepalese women. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation process was conducted according to the Guillemin guidelines. Reliability and validity were assessed using cross-sectional design. The participants responded to questionnaires of sociodemographics, the Nepali version of the PGQ, the Oswestry Disability Index, the Patient-Specific Functional Scale, the 5-item version of the Edinburgh Depression Scale, and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. The internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. The test-retest reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient and smallest detectable change. Construct validity was assessed by testing 9 a priori hypotheses that examine correlations between the PGQ activity and symptom subscales, and also among the PGQ subscales and Oswestry Disability Index, Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and 5-item version of the Edinburgh Depression Scale. Spearman and Pearson's correlation were used to assess the correlations. RESULTS: A sample of 111 pregnant women were included in the study. The Cronbach's alpha for the Nepali version of the total PGQ was good (α = 0.83), and the test-retest reliability was acceptable (ICC2.1, 0.72) with a measurement error of SDC95% 18.6 points. Seven of the 9 hypotheses found support, which confirms acceptable construct validity of the Nepali PGQ. CONCLUSION: The Nepali version of the PGQ is a reliable and valid tool for assessing pelvic girdle pain in pregnant Nepalese women.

Effect of knowledge and perception on adherence to iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy in Kathmandu, Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy is considered key to prevention and control of iron deficiency anemia. Nepal-like other developing countries-faces problems with adherence vis-a-vis iron/folate supplementation. OBJECTIVE: This descriptive survey aimed to assess the effect ofknowledge and perception ofpregnant women on adherence to iron/folate supplementation in Kathmandu, Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study was conducted in Paropakar Maternity and Womens' Hospital in Kathmandu. Systematic random sampling was used to select 406 persons who were either given a self-administered questionnaire or interviewed. RESULTS: 73.2% of the respondents showed good adherence. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between adherence and both knowledge and perception (p<0.05), but through multiple linear regression analysis only perception was found to be statistically associated with adherence (p<0.05). Further multivariate analysis demonstrated that the most important predictors of adherence were: perception of side effects, availability, forgetfulness and reminders from family. CONCLUSION: Adherence to iron/folate supplementation among women during pregnancy needs continuous improvement by minimizing the perception of constraints (viz., side-effects and forgetfulness) and, enhancing availability andfamily support.