In vitro anticholinergic and antiglycaemic properties of frost-hardy Actinidia fruit extracts and their polyphenol profile, L-ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Actinidia arguta ('Weiki', 'Skarlet September Kiwi') and Actinidia kolomikta ('Lande') fruit extracts against advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The extracts were also tested regarding polyphenol profile and Lascorbic acid content (UHPLC-DAD-MS), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS). 'Scarlet September Kiwi' showed the strongest anti-AGEs activity studied with BSAGLU (IC50 = 2.68) and BSA-MGO (IC50 = 18.06) models. The highest anti-AChE activity was found for the 'Lande' extract (IC50 = 4.56). 'Lande' showed the highest L-ascorbic acid content (8271.96 µg/g dw), ABTS (312.42 µmol TE/g dw) and DPPH (282.01 µmol TE/g dw) values. 'Scarlet September Kiwi' revealed the highest individual phenolics concentration (2321.43 µg/g dw). The contents of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid were significantly correlated with anti-AChE activity. This research sheds new light on the bioactivity of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia kolomikta fruit elucidating the role of (+)-catechin and L-ascorbic acid in prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

The impact of high-pressure processing on the polyphenol profile and anti-glycaemic, anti-hypertensive and anti-cholinergic activities of extracts obtained from kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) fruits.

This study analysed the impact of high pressure processing (HHP) on the inhibitory effects (IC50) of kiwiberries (cv. 'Weiki'), on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the activity of angiotenisn-converting enzyme (ACE) and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The polyphenol profile (HPLC-MS/MS) and antioxidant capacity (PCLACW, ABTS, FRAP) were also studied. HHP-treated 'Weiki' (450 MPa/5 min and 650 MPa/5 min) was the most potent inhibitor of AGEs in the BSA-GLU model (6.52 mg/mL on average) relative to other materials (12.09-7.21 mg/mL). Among all samples assayed in the BSA-MGO model (61.97-14.48 mg/mL), HHP-treated 'Weiki' (450 MPa/5 min) showed the highest anti-AGE activity (12.37 mg/mL). Pressurization (450 MPa/5 min) significantly enhanced the anti-ACE (14.09 mg/mL) and anti-AChE (16.95 mg/mL) potentials of the tested extract relative to the other materials (23.75-14.50 mg/mL and 37.88-19.69 mg/mL, respectively). Pressurization increased polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the samples analysed.

The Nutritional and Health Benefits of Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) - a Review.

The kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) is a new product on the market that is enjoying growing consumer acceptance around the world. This widespread interest has created increased demand for identification of the kiwiberry's nutritional health benefits. Containing over 20 essential nutrients and a range of vitamins, the kiwiberry comes near the top of fruits classed as superfoods. It is one of the richest sources of vitamin C with up to 430 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) and is considered the richest dietary source of myo-inositol (up to 982 mg/100 g FW). The kiwiberry is also one of the richest sources of lutein (up to 0.93 mg/100 g FW) in commonly consumed fruit. Furthermore, containing up to 1301.1 mg/100 g FW phenolics and significant amounts of the essential minerals of potassium, calcium and zinc, the kiwiberry rates very highly as a 'healthy food'. The type and number of this fruit's medicinally promising nutrients have motivated ongoing investigations into its antioxidant, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory properties. Early research has pointed to the kiwiberry being a very promising treatment for some cancers and health issues involving the gastrointestinal system, hypercholesterolemia and certain cancers. A pharmaceutical composition of A. arguta, A. kolomikta, and A. polygama extracts has already been registered for the prevention and treatment of some immune (inflammatory) mediated diseases, as well as the treatment of some non-allergic inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews and highlights the limited nutritional and therapeutic information currently available on the kiwiberry, a minor fruit possessing such major properties.

Bioactivity and nutritional properties of hardy kiwi fruit Actinidia arguta in comparison with Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' and Actinidia eriantha 'Bidan'.

The aim of this research is to identify and compare the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacities and binding potentials to human protein in different varieties of hardy kiwi (Actinidia (A.) arguta), 'Hayward' (Actinidia deliciosa) and less - known 'Bidan' (Actinidia eriantha). Polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin and dietary fibers were significantly higher in cultivar 'M1' among the A. arguta than in 'Hayward'. The binding properties of studied kiwi fruits were determined by interaction of polyphenols with human serum albumin (HSA). An internal standard FTIR technique allowed the quantitative comparison of specific IR absorption bands (Amides I, II, III) of different kiwi fruit samples after interaction with HSA. It was shown that the antioxidant and binding capacities and FTIR quantitative estimations of A. arguta fruits were significantly higher than in 'Hayward', but lower than the 'Bidan'. In MS spectra were found some slight differences in A. arguta kiwis in comparison with 'Hayward' and 'Bidan'. Two A. arguta cultivars were similar to 'Bidan'. The interaction of polyphenols with HSA, evaluated by fluorometry/FTIR, made it possible to compare the bioactivity of different cultivars and families. In conclusion, for the first time fruits A. arguta, cultivated in Poland, were compared with widely consumed kiwi fruits, using advanced analytical methods. The high bioactivity and nutritional value of A. arguta fruits from Polish ecological plantation enables us to recommend them for marketing and consumption.

Antioxidant activity and chemical difference in fruit of different Actinidia sp.

The present research aimed at evaluating the vitamin C, total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, as well as antioxidant activity (AAC) of six Actinidia species fruit. Vitamin C, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and chlorophylls were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, and AAC using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The highest concentrations of vitamin C and TPC were found for Actinidia kolomikta fruit (1008.3 and 634.1 mg/100 g fresh weight [FW], respectively). Among phenolic compounds, seven phenolic acids and three flavonoids were identified. The 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid prevailed in A. kolomikta (425.54 mg/100 g FW), while tannic acid dominated in other species (4.63-100.43 mg/100 g FW). The largest amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids were identified as Actinidia macrosperma (4.02 and 2.09 mg/100 g FW, respectively). The AAC of fruit extracts decreased in the order of A. kolomikta > Actinidia purpurea > Actinidia melanandra > A. macrosperma > Actinidia arguta > Actinidia deliciosa according to the DPPH assay.