RESUMEN
Abnormal melanin synthesis results in several hyperpigmentary disorders such as freckles, melanoderma, age spots, and other related conditions. In this study, we investigated the antimelanogenic effects of an extract from the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CE) and potential mechanisms responsible for its inhibitory effect in B16F10, normal human epidermal melanocyte cells, and human skin-equivalent models. The CE extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on α-melanocyte-stimulating, hormone-induced melanin synthesis in cells. Additionally, the CE extract exhibited suppressive effects on the mRNA and protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2. The CE extract also inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A and extracellular signal-related kinase, which function as upstream regulators of melanogenesis. Using a three-dimensional, reconstructed pigmented epidermis model, the CE-mediated, anti-pigmentation effects were confirmed by Fontana-Masson staining and melanin content assays. Taken together, CE extract can be used as an anti-pigmentation agent.
Asunto(s)
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/química , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Pigmentación/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Células Epidérmicas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epidérmicas/patología , Epidermis/efectos de los fármacos , Epidermis/patología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/farmacología , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Melanoma , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/metabolismo , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , ARN Mensajero/efectos de los fármacos , Piel , alfa-MSH/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS OF STUDY: Although the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (Asteraceae) have long been used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains to be defined. We investigated the effects of a 70% ethanolic extract of C. indicum (CIE) on the activities of cellular signaling molecules that mediate inflammatory responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Production of NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta by ELISA, mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, phosphorylation of MAPKs, and activation of NF-kappaB by RT-PCR and Western blotting were examined in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. RESULTS: The CIE strongly inhibited NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta production, and also significantly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the CIE clearly suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 subunits, which correlated with an inhibitory effect on IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. The CIE also attenuated the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of CIE might result from the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, via suppression of MAPKs and NF-kappaB-dependent pathways.