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1.
J Public Health Dent ; 83(1): 18-25, 2023 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36251680

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age. METHODS: Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3-6 months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready-to-drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw. RESULTS: Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02-mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages.


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Fluoruros , Niño , Humanos , Fluoruros/análisis , Iowa , Estudios Longitudinales , Bebidas , Agua
2.
J Public Health Dent ; 78(4): 352-359, 2018 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30155933

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: There is strong affinity between fluoride and calcium, and mineralized tissues. Investigations of fluoride and bone health during childhood and adolescence show inconsistent results. This analysis assessed associations between period-specific and cumulative fluoride intakes from birth to age 11, and age 11 cortical bone measures obtained using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the radius and tibia (n = 424). METHODS: Participants were a cohort recruited from eight Iowa hospitals at birth. Fluoride intakes from water, other beverages, selected foods, dietary supplements, and dentifrice were recorded every 1.5-6 months using detailed questionnaires. Correlations between bone measures (cortical bone mineral content, density, area, and strength) and fluoride intake were determined in bivariate and multivariable analyses adjusting for Tanner stage, weight and height. RESULTS: The majority of associations were weak. For boys, only the positive associations between daily fluoride intakes for 0-3 years and radius and tibia bone mineral content were statistically significant. For girls, the negative correlations of recent daily fluoride intake per kg of body weight from 8.5 to 11 years with radius bone mineral content, area, and strength and tibia strength were statistically significant. No associations between cumulative daily fluoride intakes from birth to 11 years and bone measures were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of 11-year-old children, mostly living in optimally fluoridated areas, life-long fluoride intakes from combined sources were weakly associated with tibia and radius cortical pQCT measures.


Asunto(s)
Hueso Cortical , Fluoruros , Adolescente , Densidad Ósea , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Iowa , Masculino , Minerales
3.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol ; 46(6): 527-534, 2018 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29962091

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between period-specific and cumulative fluoride (F) intakes from birth to age 17 years, and radial and tibial bone measures obtained using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). METHODS: Participants (n = 380) were recruited from hospitals at birth and continued their participation in the ongoing Iowa Fluoride Study/Iowa Bone Development Study until age 17. Fluoride intakes from water, other beverages, selected foods, dietary fluoride supplements and dentifrice were determined every 1.5-6 months using detailed questionnaires. Associations between F intake and bone measures (cortical and trabecular bone mineral content [BMC], density and strength) were determined in bivariate and multivariable analyses adjusted for height, weight, maturity offset, physical activity, and daily calcium and protein intake using robust regression analysis. RESULTS: Fluoride intake ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 mg F/d for females and from 0.7 to 0.9 mg F/d for males. Spearman correlations between daily F intake and pQCT bone measures were weak. For females, Spearman correlations ranged from r = -.08 to .21, and for males, they ranged from r = -.03 to .30. In sex-specific, height-, weight- and maturity offset- partially adjusted regression analyses, associations between females' fluoride intake and bone characteristics were almost all negative; associations for males were mostly positive. In the fully adjusted models, which also included physical activity, and protein and calcium intakes, no significant associations were detected for females; significant positive associations were detected between F intake from 14 to 17 years and tibial cortical bone content (ß = 21.40, P < .01) and torsion strength (ß = 175.06, P < .01) for males. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of 17-year-old adolescents, mostly living in optimally fluoridated areas, lifelong F intake from combined sources was weakly associated with bone pQCT measures.


Asunto(s)
Hueso Esponjoso/efectos de los fármacos , Hueso Cortical/efectos de los fármacos , Fluoruros/farmacología , Adolescente , Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Desarrollo Óseo/efectos de los fármacos , Calcio de la Dieta/farmacología , Hueso Esponjoso/diagnóstico por imagen , Hueso Esponjoso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Niño , Preescolar , Hueso Cortical/diagnóstico por imagen , Hueso Cortical/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Radio (Anatomía)/diagnóstico por imagen , Radio (Anatomía)/efectos de los fármacos , Radio (Anatomía)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores Sexuales , Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Tibia/efectos de los fármacos , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X
4.
J Am Dent Assoc ; 141(10): 1190-201, 2010 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20884921

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The authors describe associations between dental fluorosis and fluoride intakes, with an emphasis on intake from fluoride in infant formula. METHODS: The authors administered periodic questionnaires to parents to assess children's early fluoride intake sources from beverages, selected foods, dentifrice and supplements. They later assessed relationships between fluorosis of the permanent maxillary incisors and fluoride intake from beverages and other sources, both for individual time points and cumulatively using area-under-the-curve (AUC) estimates. The authors determined effects associated with fluoride in reconstituted powdered infant formulas, along with risks associated with intake of fluoride from dentifrice and other sources. RESULTS: Considering only fluoride intake from ages 3 to 9 months, the authors found that participants with fluorosis (97 percent of which was mild) had significantly greater cumulative fluoride intake (AUC) from reconstituted powdered infant formula and other beverages with added water than did those without fluorosis. Considering only intake from ages 16 to 36 months, participants with fluorosis had significantly higher fluoride intake from water by itself and dentifrice than did those without fluorosis. In a model combining both the 3- to 9-months and 16- to 36-months age groups, the significant variables were fluoride intake from reconstituted powder concentrate formula (by participants at ages 3-9 months), other beverages with added water (also by participants at ages 3-9 months) and dentifrice (by participants at ages 16-36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Greater fluoride intakes from reconstituted powdered formulas (when participants were aged 3-9 months) and other water-added beverages (when participants were aged 3-9 months) increased fluorosis risk, as did higher dentifrice intake by participants when aged 16 to 36 months. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that prevalence of mild dental fluorosis could be reduced by avoiding ingestion of large quantities of fluoride from reconstituted powdered concentrate infant formula and fluoridated dentifrice.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Dentífricos/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluorosis Dental/etiología , Incisivo/patología , Alimentos Infantiles , Fórmulas Infantiles/administración & dosificación , Factores de Edad , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Bebidas/análisis , Cariostáticos/análisis , Niño , Preescolar , Dentición Mixta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Fluoruros/análisis , Fluorosis Dental/clasificación , Humanos , Lactante , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Iowa , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Leche/química , Factores de Riesgo , Leche de Soja/química , Abastecimiento de Agua/análisis
5.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol ; 37(5): 416-26, 2009 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19740248

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Relationships between fluoride intake and bone health continue to be of interest, as previous studies show conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: The purpose is to report associations of fluoride intake with bone measures at age 11. METHODS: Subjects have been participating in the ongoing Iowa Fluoride Study/Iowa Bone Development Study. Mothers were recruited postpartum during 1992-95 from eight Iowa hospitals, and detailed fluoride questionnaires were sent every 1.5-6 months. From these, combined fluoride intakes from water sources (home, childcare, filtered, bottled), other beverages, selected foods, dietary fluoride supplements and dentifrice were estimated at individual points and cumulatively [with area under the curve (AUC)]. Subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of proximal femur (hip), lumbar spine and whole body (Hologic QDR 4500A). DXA results (bone mineral content - BMC; bone mineral density - BMD) were related to fluoride intake as revealed by bivariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The mean fluoride intake estimated by AUC was 0.68 mg (SD = 0.27) per day from birth to 11 years. Associations (Spearman) between daily fluoride intake (mg F/day) and DXA bone measures were weak (r = -0.01 to 0.24 for girls and 0.04 to 0.24 for boys). In gender-stratified, and body size- and Tanner stage-adjusted linear regression analyses, associations between girls' bone outcomes and fluoride intake for girls were almost all negative; associations for boys were all positive and none was statistically significant when using an alpha = 0.01 criterion. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal fluoride intake at levels of intake typical in the United States is only weakly associated with BMC or BMD in boys and girls at age 11. Additional research is warranted to better understand possible gender- and age-specific effects of fluoride intake on bone development.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Óseo/efectos de los fármacos , Fluoruros/farmacología , Estatura/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Preescolar , Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Modelos Lineales , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Análisis de Regresión , Factores Sexuales , Estadísticas no Paramétricas
6.
J Am Diet Assoc ; 108(3): 465-72, 2008 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18313429

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Food frequency questionnaires are commonly developed and subsequently used to investigate relationships between dietary intake and disease outcomes; such tools should be validated in the population of interest. We investigated the relative validities of the Iowa Fluoride Study targeted nutrient semi-quantitative questionnaire and Block Kids' Food Questionnaire in assessing beverage, calcium, and vitamin D intakes using 3-day diaries for reference. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS: Children who completed Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaire at age 9.0+/-0.7 years (n=223) and/or the Block Kids' Food Questionnaire at age 8.3+/-0.3 years (n=129) and 3-day diaries during similar time periods. MAIN OUTCOMES: Intakes of beverages, calcium, and vitamin D. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Spearman correlation coefficients, weighted kappa statistics, and percentages of exact agreement were used to estimate relative validities. RESULTS: Correlations between milk intakes (r=0.572) reported on diaries and the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires were higher than correlations for 100% juice, juice drinks, soda pop, and water (r=0.252 to 0.379). Correlations between milk intakes (r=0.571) and 100% juice intakes (r=0.550) reported on diaries and Block Kids' Food Questionnaires were higher than correlations for other beverages (r=0.223 to 0.326). Correlations with diaries for calcium (r=0.462) and vitamin D (r=0.487) intakes reported on Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires were similar to correlations with diaries for calcium (r=0.515) and vitamin D (r=0.512) reported on Block Kids' Food Questionnaires. Weighted kappa statistics were similar between the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires and the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires for milk, 100% juice, and vitamin D, but were higher on the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires than on the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires for calcium. Percentages of exact agreement were higher for calcium, but lower for vitamin D for intakes reported on the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaires compared to the Block Kids' Food Questionnaires relative to diaries. CONCLUSIONS: Both the Iowa Fluoride Study nutrient questionnaire and the Block Kids' Food Questionnaire provide reasonable estimates of milk, calcium, and vitamin D intakes when compared to 3-day diaries.


Asunto(s)
Bebidas , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Animales , Bebidas/análisis , Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/administración & dosificación , Bebidas Gaseosas/análisis , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Registros de Dieta , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Ingestión de Líquidos , Femenino , Alimentos Fortificados , Frutas , Humanos , Masculino , Leche , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estadísticas no Paramétricas
7.
J Am Dent Assoc ; 137(5): 645-52, 2006 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16739545

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Fluoride dentifrice is a primary means of preventing childhood caries, but it is also an important risk factor for fluorosis. The authors examine the influence of fluoride dentifrice ingestion on fluorosis of the permanent incisors. METHODS: Participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study received questionnaires at regular intervals concerning fluoride sources. The authors assessed fluorosis using the fluorosis risk index. They estimated daily fluoride ingestion from dentifrice, diet and fluoride supplements and divided the amount by kilograms of body weight. The statistical analysis related fluoride ingestion to fluorosis in the permanent incisors. RESULTS: In bivariate analyses, mild fluorosis was significantly related to ingestion of fluoride dentifrice at ages 24 and 36 months (P = .02 for both). After the authors adjusted for fluoride ingested from dietary sources, logistic regression showed a significant association between fluorosis and dentifrice ingestion at age 24 months (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that fluorosis of the permanent incisors is influenced by ingestion of fluoride dentifrice during the first three years of life. Further research is needed to assess total intake of fluoride as a risk factor for fluorosis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results support recommendations that young children use only a pea-sized amount of dentifrice. Parents should supervise young children as they brush their teeth with fluoride dentifrice.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/efectos adversos , Dentífricos/efectos adversos , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Fluorosis Dental/etiología , Incisivo/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Edad , Peso Corporal , Cariostáticos/análisis , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Deglución , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Fluoruros/análisis , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Clase Social
8.
J Am Diet Assoc ; 105(5): 763-72; quiz 773-4, 2005 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15883554

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to report longitudinal patterns of nutrient supplementation in children, to quantify nutrient intakes from supplements and diet, and to examine relationships between supplement use and sociodemographic factors. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Subjects were followed prospectively from birth to 24 months with periodic questionnaires on vitamin/mineral supplement use. Food diaries were completed to report food and beverage intake. Estimates of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals were calculated. Fisher's Exact tests and t tests were used to assess the association of sociodemographic variables with supplement use. RESULTS: A substantial proportion of young children used supplements. The prevalence of supplement use increased with age. By the end of 24 months, 31.7% used some supplement. Young supplement users consume supplements regularly, ranging from 40% to 60% of days reported. The majority of young children in this cohort could obtain adequate vitamins and minerals from diet alone for the first 24 months of life. Intakes of some nutrients from diet alone, such as vitamin E and folate, were not sufficient for a large proportion of young children. However, intake above the dietary reference intake was observed for a few nutrients, in particular for vitamin A. CONCLUSIONS: Use of nutrient supplements is a common behavior during the first 2 years of life. This study shows that most young children obtain adequate nutrients from diet alone. Health professionals should provide recommendations for nutrient supplementation of generally healthy children based on an assessment of their dietary practices.


Asunto(s)
Dieta/normas , Suplementos Dietéticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Política Nutricional , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación , Lactancia Materna , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Iowa , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Minerales/efectos adversos , Encuestas Nutricionales , Necesidades Nutricionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Valores de Referencia , Seguridad , Vitaminas/efectos adversos , Destete
9.
J Public Health Dent ; 65(1): 7-13, 2005.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15751490

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports on fluoride supplement use from birth to age 96 months. METHODS: As part of the Iowa Fluoride Study, questionnaires were mailed at 3 to 6- month intervals assessing use of supplements. Estimated fluoride intake from supplements was calculated as a daily fluoride intake in mg. Analyses include descriptive statistics of supplements use for individual periods, area-under-the-curve (AUC) for combined periods, and associations between fluoride supplement use and demographic covariates. RESULTS: Participants (n=1,388) were mostly white, with about two-thirds of parents having some college education. Percentages using fluoride supplements were 11.2% (12 months), 6.3% to 6.8% (24, 36, 48 and 60 months) and 3.6% to 4.7% (72, 84 and 96 months). Physicians prescribed most supplements until age three. The mean supplement dosage when used gradually increased from 0.25 mg (12 months) to 0.82 mg (84 months) and 0.75 mg (96 months). The effective mean daily fluoride supplement quantities ingested among users for the successive age groups from 12 to 96 months old were 0.14, 0.14, 0.25, 0.34, 0.37, 0.43, 0.48, and 0.37 mg, respectively. Estimated daily average fluoride ingested from supplements increased from 0.06 mg (birth-12 months) to 0.07 mg (12-60 months) to 0.18 mg (60-96 months). CONCLUSION: Fluoride supplement use patterns varied substantially among individuals; however, average use within the intervals birth-12 months, 12-60 months, and 60-96 months was fairly consistent.


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Iowa , Persona de Mediana Edad
10.
J Public Health Dent ; 64(4): 198-204, 2004.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15562941

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Although patterns of fluid intake change seasonally, little is known about how fluoride intake varies by season. Since even short-term increases in fluoride intake could potentially lead to more dental fluorosis, it is valuable to assess the degree of seasonal variation to determine if it increases fluoride intake to levels that could be considered a concern in young children. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed periodically to participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study beginning at 6 weeks of age and continuing for a number of years. Parents recorded the date; child's weight; estimates of the amounts of water and other beverages that their child consumed per week; the type and amount of any fluoride supplements used; and the type, amount, and frequency of dentifrice used, with an estimate of the proportion of dentifrice that was swallowed. Documented water fluoride levels from municipal sources and assay of individual sources were linked to water intake amounts. Total fluoride intake per kg body weight was estimated from water, other beverages, fluoride supplements, and ingested dentifrice. Generalized linear models compared temperature-related and seasonal effects after adjusting for the child's age. RESULTS: Separate analyses for ages 0-12 months and 12-72 months showed different results. Children younger than 12 months of age did not exhibit significant seasonal or temperature-related variation in any of the components of fluoride intake. Children aged 12-72 months had higher fluoride intake (mg F/kg bw) from beverages in summer (P<.05), and fluoride intake from beverages increased with monthly temperature (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride intake from beverages for children aged 12-72 months is slightly higher in the summer and increases with mean monthly temperature. Fluoride intake from supplements and dentifrice did not change significantly with either season or temperature.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Dieta , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Estaciones del Año , Factores de Edad , Bebidas , Peso Corporal , Cariostáticos/análisis , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fluoruros/análisis , Humanos , Lactante , Iowa , Modelos Lineales , Estudios Longitudinales , Análisis Multivariante , Temperatura , Agua , Abastecimiento de Agua/análisis
11.
J Public Health Dent ; 63(4): 211-20, 2003.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14682644

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: This paper reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water by itself, beverages, selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary supplements, both individually and combined (mg and mg F/kg bw), among 785 children in the Iowa Fluoride Study from 36 to 72 months of age. METHODS: Children were recruited in 1992-95, with questionnaires sent at four- to six-month intervals. Dietary fluoride intake estimates used community and individual water fluoride levels and average fluoride levels of beverages and foods prepared with water. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLM) assessed levels and associations with demographic factors. RESULTS: There was substantial variation in fluoride intake, with some individuals' intakes greatly exceeding the means. Daily water fluoride intake estimates (in mg) increased with age, fluoride intake from other beverages and dentifrice both decreased slightly, and combined intake was quite consistent. For combined intake per unit body weight (mg F/kg bw), there was a steady decline with age. Therefore, the percentages with estimated intake exceeding possible thresholds for dental fluorosis also declined with age. CONCLUSIONS: Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources are relatively stable from 36-72 months of age among these children.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Bebidas , Cariostáticos/efectos adversos , Dentífricos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Fluorosis Dental/etiología , Alimentos , Humanos , Lactante , Iowa , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Agua
12.
J Can Dent Assoc ; 69(5): 286-91, 2003 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12734021

RESUMEN

Decisions concerning use of fluoride in its many forms for caries prevention are more complicated now than in the past because of the need to balance these benefits with the risks of dental fluorosis. This article reviews pertinent literature concerning dental fluorosis (definition, appearance, prevalence), pre- and post-eruptive use of fluoride, esthetic perceptions of dental fluorosis, fluoride levels of beverages and foods, the Iowa Fluoride Study, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's "Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States." Water fluoridation and use of fluoride dentifrice are the most efficient and cost-effective ways to prevent dental caries; other modalities should be targeted toward high-risk individuals.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Cariostáticos/efectos adversos , Fluoruración/efectos adversos , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Fluorosis Dental/etiología , Canadá , Cariostáticos/análisis , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Niño , Preescolar , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Dentífricos/química , Suplementos Dietéticos , Estética Dental , Fluoruros/análisis , Fluorosis Dental/epidemiología , Guías como Asunto , Humanos , Lactante , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Iowa/epidemiología , Antisépticos Bucales/química , Estados Unidos
13.
Dent Clin North Am ; 47(2): 225-43, 2003 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12699229

RESUMEN

Fluoride continues to be the cornerstone of dental caries prevention in North America and throughout the world, and there are a variety of sources of fluoride that may contribute to the dietary intakes of fluoride. Although the severe effect of chronic exposures to high levels of fluoride--skeletal fluorosis--is extremely rare in North America, dental fluorosis has become more prevalent. To address the increase in dental fluorosis prevalence, recommendations have been made to reduce fluoride ingestion early in life. These recommendations have included the introduction of lower concentration fluoride dentifrice for use by young children, labeling of the fluoride concentration of bottled water, and revised fluoride supplement guidelines to reduce or eliminate their use. Because our knowledge is incomplete regarding the amount, duration, and timing of fluoride ingestion that can result in dental fluorosis, however, further research is clearly needed before definitive recommendations can be made regarding the use of fluorides, including recommended intakes of fluoride in the diet.


Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/prevención & control , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Fluorosis Dental/prevención & control , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición , Caries Dental/tratamiento farmacológico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fluoruración , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Humanos , Salud Bucal , Pastas de Dientes
14.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol ; 30(4): 286-95, 2002 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12147170

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Few studies in North America have assessed dental fluorosis of the primary dentition and few, if any, anywhere have assessed the relative importance in fluorosis etiology of fluoride intake during different time periods or from multiple sources. The purpose of this paper is to report on analyses relating estimated prenatal fluoride intake and fluoride intake during different parts of the first year of life to primary tooth fluorosis. METHODS: As part of The Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were recruited at birth and studied longitudinally. Trained examiners assessed dental fluorosis for children aged 4-7 years using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) adapted for the primary dentition. Detailed parent questionnaires at childbirth were used to estimate prenatal fluoride intake and questionnaires sent at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were used to estimate fluoride intake during the first year of life (combined fluoride intake from water, food and beverage, supplements, and dentifrice). There were 504 children with prenatal and at least four of the five postnatal responses with complete data. RESULTS: Fluorosis prevalence was 12.1%, occurring primarily on the second primary molars. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression were used to assess the importance of different time periods' fluoride intake. In bivariate analyses, fluoride intake during each time interval was individually significantly related to fluorosis occurrence. For multivariate analyses, the period from 6 to 9 months was most important individually (P = 0.0001), and no other period was jointly statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the middle of the first year of life is most important in fluorosis etiology for the primary dentition in this setting.


Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Cariostáticos/efectos adversos , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Fluorosis Dental/etiología , Área Bajo la Curva , Niño , Preescolar , Demografía , Dentífricos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Fluoruración , Fluorosis Dental/epidemiología , Alimentos , Humanos , Lactante , Iowa/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Prevalencia , Curva ROC , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Diente Primario
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