[Effects of Application of Different Organic Materials on Phosphorus Accumulation and Transformation in Vegetable Fields].

Presently, the improvement of soil organic matter is the basis to ensure food security, but the accumulation and transformation characteristics of soil phosphorus (P) as affected by organic matter remain unclear. The accumulation, transformation, and migration characteristics of soil P in different soil layers of vegetable fields were researched under the application of organic materials. Six treatments were set up in the experiment:control (no fertilization), traditional fertilizer application by farmers, biochar, chicken manure, food waste, and straw application. Available phosphorus (Olsen-P), water-soluble phosphorus (CaCl2-P) content, soil phosphorus forms, soil organic matter (SOM), and pH were determined during the pepper harvest period. In the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers, the available phosphorus content of traditional fertilization of farmers was higher, and the available phosphorus content of the four organic materials was in the order of straw > biochar > chicken manure > food waste. Compared to that with food waste, the straw and biochar treatments increased soil available phosphorus by 59.6%-67.3% and 29.1%-36.9%, respectively. The straw treatment could easily enhance the soil labile P pool, and soil labile P in the 0-5 cm soil layer increased by 47.3% and 35.1% compared with that under the chicken manure and food waste treatments, respectively. With the increase in soil depth, the proportion of available phosphorus in the chicken manure treatment decreased the least, and available phosphorus of the 20-30 cm soil layer accounted for 55.9% of the topsoil layer but only accounted for 16.0%-34.0% under treatment with the other three materials. Compared with that under the traditional fertilization of farmers, the pH significantly increased by 0.18-0.36 units after the application of organic fertilizer, and the pH of the chicken manure and food waste treatments was significantly higher than that of biochar and straw (P < 0.05). SOM content under the biochar treatment significantly increased by 7.7%-17.6% compared to that under the other three organic materials. Among the four organic materials, the straw treatment boosted the labile P pool the most, which was conducive to the rapid increase in plant-available P. Phosphorus was most likely to migrate downward under the chicken manure treatment. In the field management based on soil fertility enhancement, the application of biochar could not only improve soil pH and SOM but also avoid excessive accumulation of phosphorus in the surface layer, which decreases environmental risks.

Nourishing Yin traditional Chinese medicine: potential role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a common and frequently occurring disease in contemporary society, has become a global health threat. However, current mainstream methods of prevention and treatment, mainly including oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin injections, do not fundamentally block the progression of T2DM. Therefore, it is imperative to find new ways to prevent and treat diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by multiple components, pathways, and targets with mild and long-lasting effects. Pharmacological studies have shown that nourishing yin traditional Chinese medicine (NYTCM) can play a positive role in the treatment of T2DM by regulating pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, and other pathways to stimulate insulin secretion, protect and repair pancreatic ß cells, alleviate insulin resistance, ameliorate disordered glucose and lipid metabolism, mitigate oxidative stress, inhibit inflammatory responses, and regulate the intestinal flora. The pharmacologic activity, mechanisms, safety, and toxicity of NYTCM in the treatment of T2DM are also reviewed in this manuscript.

Investigation of the molecular mechanism of Danggui Buxue tang in treating lung cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.

This study used network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to investigate the molecular targets and pathways of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) in treating lung cancer. The compound-target network was constructed using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), and a lung cancer-specific network was created using the GEO database and Cytoscape software. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to understand the biological processes associated with DBT. The key compounds from Astragalus, kaempferol, and quercetin, and the potential targets are IL-6, IL-1ß, FOS, ICAM1, and CCL2. GO enrichment analysis revealed numerous biological process-related entries, while KEGG pathway analysis highlighted the TNF and IL-17 signalling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed the stable binding activity between the main active compounds of DBT and the target proteins. Overall, these findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of DBT in treating lung cancer, providing insights into targets, pathways, and biological processes involved.

A novel enzyme-based functional correlation algorithm for multi-omics reveals the potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines: Taking Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula as an example.

The integrated analysis of host metabolome and intestinal microbiome is an opportunity to explore the complex therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines. Currently, researchers mainly employ various statistical correlation analytical methods to investigate metabolome-microbiome correlations. However, these conventional correlation techniques often focus on statistical correlations and their biological meanings are always ignored, especially the functional relevance between them. Here, we developed a novel enzyme-based functional correlation (EBFC) algorithm to further improve the interpretability and the identified scope of microbe-metabolite correlations based on the conventional Spearman's analysis. The proposed EBFC algorithm is successfully utilized to reveal the therapeutic mechanisms of Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) formula on the treatment of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats. JPYS, a TCM formula for treating CKD, has beneficial clinical effects. We tentatively revealed the potential mechanism of JPYS for treating CKD rats from the perspective of the serum metabolome, gut microbiome, and their interactions. Specifically, 11 metabolites and 19 bacterial genera in the CKD rats were significantly regulated to approaching normal status after JPYS treatment, suggesting that JPYS could ameliorate the pathological symptoms of CKD rats by reshaping the disturbed metabolome and gut microbiota. Further correlation analysis between the significantly perturbed metabolites, microbiota, and the related enzymes provided more strong evidence for the study of host metabolism-microbiota interactions and the therapeutic mechanism of JPYS on CKD rats. In conclusion, these findings will help us to deeply understand the pathogenesis of CKD and provide new insights into the therapeutic mechanism of JPYS.

Host ALDH2 deficiency aggravates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through gut-liver axis.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the major cause of liver dysfunction. Animal and population studies have shown that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is implicated in fatty liver disease. However, the role of ALDH2 in NASH and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. To address this issue, ALDH2 knockout (ALDH2-/-) mice and wild-type littermate mice were fed a methionine-and choline-deficient (MCD) diet to induce a NASH model. Fecal, serum, and liver samples were collected and analyzed to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota and bile acids on this process. We found that MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice exhibited increased serum pro-inflammation cytokines, hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation than their wild-type littermates. MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice exhibited worsened MCD-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier damage, and gut microbiota disorder. Furthermore, mice receiving microbiota from MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice had increased severity of NASH compared to those receiving microbiota from MCD-fed wild-type mice. Notably, the intestinal Lactobacillus was significantly reduced in MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice, and gavage with Lactobacillus cocktail significantly improved MCD-induced NASH. Finally, we found that ALDH2-/- mice had reduced levels of bile salt hydrolase and specific bile acids, especially lithocholic acid (LCA), accompanied by downregulated expression of the intestinal FXR-FGF15 pathway. Supplementation of LCA in ALDH2-/- mice upregulated intestinal FXR-FGF15 pathway and alleviated NASH. In summary, ALDH2 plays a critical role in the development of NASH through modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid. The findings suggest that supplementing with Lactobacillus or LCA could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating NASH exacerbated by ALDH2 deficiency.

Shikonin inhibits immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on macrophage in sepsis by modulating PKM2.

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition whereby immune dysregulation develops, is one of the major causes of death worldwide. To date, there is still no clinically effective therapeutic method for sepsis. As a natural product from traditional Chinese medicine, Shikonin has been demonstrated to have pleiotropic medical effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and relieving sepsis. PD-L1, as the receptor of PD-1, was also involved in exacerbating sepsis by inducing immunosuppression, but the relationship between them is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Shikonin on modulating PD-L1 expression and its contact with PKM2. The results showed that Shikonin significantly decreased the levels of sepsis mice serum inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and maintain the percentage of T cells from the spleen and significantly reduce the apoptosis of splenocytes in LPS-induced sepsis mice. Our data also demonstrated that Shikonin significantly decreased PD-L1 expression on macrophages, not PD-1 expression on T cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we revealed that Shikonin attenuated PD-L1 expression on macrophages and was associated with downregulating phosphorylation and nuclear import of PKM2, which could bind to the HRE-1 and HRE-4 sites of the PD-L1 promoter. As the present research was conducted in sepsis mice model and macrophage cell line, further study is required to evaluate Shikonin to regulate PD-L1 by targeting PKM2 in clinical samples.

Bio-inspired Oxidative Stress Amplifier for Suppressing Cancer Metastasis and Imaging-Guided Combination Therapy.

Antioxidant-defense systems of tumor cells protect them from oxidative damage and is strongly associated with tumor metastasis. In this work, a mussel-inspired multifunctional nanomedicine (ZS-MB@P) has been designed for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis through amplified oxidative stress and photothermal/magnetothermal/photodynamic triple-combination therapy. This nanomedicine was fabricated via loading a silica shell on the magnetic nano-octahedrons [zinc-doped magnetic Fe3O4 nano-octahedrons] by encapsulating photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) and subsequently coating polydopamine (PDA) shells as "gatekeeper." The nanomedicine could realize photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and magnetic hyperthermia after treatment with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation and applied magnetic field. Under pH and NIR stimulation, controlled amount of MB was released to produced exogenous reactive oxygen species. Noteworthy, PDA can amplify intracellular oxidative stress by depleting glutathione, thus inhibiting breast cancer metastasis effectively since oxidative stress is an important barrier to tumor metastasis. The outstanding ability to suppress tumor growth and metastasis was comprehensively assessed and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the nanomedicine showed outstanding T2 magnetic resonance imaging for tracking the treatment process. Taken together, this work offers an innovative approach in the synergistic treatment of recalcitrant breast cancer.

Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen decoction inhibits mitochondria-dependent granulosa cell apoptosis in a rat model of POF.

As a widely applied traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) decoction maybe applied in curing premature ovarian failure (POF) besides chronic kidney disease (CKD). In vivo experiments, 40 female SD (8-week-old) rats were randomized into four groups, namely, control group (negative control), POF model group, JPYS treatment group, and triptorelin treatment group (positive control). JPYS group was treated with JPYS decoction (oral, 11 g/kg) for 60 days, and the triptorelin group was treated with triptorelin (injection, 1.5 mg/kg) for 10 days before the administration of cyclophosphamide (CTX) (50 mg/kg body weight) to establish POF model. We examined apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and target gene (ASK1/JNK pathway and mitochondrial fusion/fission) expression. In vitro experiments, the KGN human granulosa cell line was used. Cells were pretreated with CTX (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) for 24 h, followed by JPYS-containing serum (2, 4, and 8 %) for 24 h. Thereafter, these cells were employed to assess apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and target gene levels of protein and mRNA. In vivo, JPYS alleviated injury and suppressed apoptosis in POF rats. In addition, JPYS improved ovarian function. JPYS inhibit apoptosis of granulosa cells through improving mitochondrial function by activating ASK1/JNK pathway. In vitro, JPYS inhibited KGN cell apoptosis through inhibited ASK1/JNK pathway and improved mitochondrial function. The effects of GS-49977 were similar to those of JPYS. During POF, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the ovary and leads to granulosa cell apoptosis. JPYS decoction improves mitochondrial function and alleviates apoptosis through ASK1/JNK pathway.

Prostatic Abscess Combined With Spleen Abscess Due to Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: A Case Report and Literature Review.

The prostatic abscess is a rare complication of a bacterial infection of the prostate. Since the early use of potent antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, the incidence of the prostatic abscess has declined significantly. In keeping with that, prostatic abscess combined with abscesses in the spleen or other distant organs become an extremely rare but fatal clinical condition. Here, we present a case of prostate and spleen abscess due to multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli without obvious risk factors. The patient initially complained of high-grade fever and dysuria. After screening the source of infection by computed tomography (CT) scans, prostate and spleen abscesses were diagnosed. In addition, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positive Escherichia coli was detected both in urine and blood culture. The patient was successfully treated by a transurethral resection of the prostate followed by splenic puncture and drainage, as well as intravenous administration of meropenem. Although the prostate abscess combined with spleen abscess was rare, the possibility of dissemination in remote tissues should be taken into consideration before the surgical treatment of prostatic abscesses. The concurrent drainage of multiple abscesses followed by intensive and sensitive antibiotics was safe and effective for indicated patients.

Cascade-activatable NO release based on GSH-detonated "nanobomb" for multi-pathways cancer therapy.

Therapeutic approaches of combining conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) with other adjuvant treatments to sensitize PDT represent an appealing strategy. Herein, a novel synergetic "nanobomb" strategy based on glutathione (GSH)-responsive biodegradation was proposed to effectively destroy tumors expeditiously and accurately. This "nanobomb" was rationally constructed via the simultaneous encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) and l-arginine (L-Arg) into polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles (MON). The resulting L-Arg/MB@MP initially exhibited prolonged blood circulation, improved bioavailability, and enhanced tumor accumulation in mice after tail vein injection according to the pharmacokinetic investigations, before the nanoparticles were entirely excreted. Under laser irradiation, L-Arg/MB@MP produced remarkable reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly for PDT therapy, while a portion of ROS may oxidize L-Arg to generate nitric oxide (NO) not only for gas therapy (GT) but also serve as a biological messenger to regulate vasodilation to alleviate the tumor hypoxia. Subsequently, the rapidly released NO was further oxidized to reactive nitrogen species, which together with ROS promote immunogenic cell death by inducing G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, and eventually resulting in enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, the GSH depletion in tumor tissues induced by L-Arg/MB@MP biodegradation can cooperate with GT to amplify the therapeutic effect of PDT. These results demonstrate that this "nanobomb" provides new ideas for clinical translation to treat tumor patients in terms of synergistic PDT-GT nanotherapy in hypoxic-solid tumors.

Dietary Copper and Selenium Intakes and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

The long-term associations between dietary copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) intakes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk are unclear. We aimed to examine the prospective associations between dietary Cu and Se intakes and T2DM risk in Chinese adults. A total of 14,711 adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2015) were included. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 3 consecutive 24 h recalls and food-weighing methods. T2DM was identified by a validated questionnaire and laboratory examination. Cox regression models were used for statistical analysis. A total of 1040 T2DM cases were diagnosed during 147,142 person-years of follow-up. In fully adjusted models, dietary Cu or Se intake was not associated with T2DM risk. Dietary Se intake significantly modified the association between dietary Cu intake and T2DM risk, and dietary Cu intake was positively associated with T2DM risk when Se intake was lower than the median (p-interaction = 0.0292). There were no significant effect modifications on the associations by age, sex, BMI, or region. Although dietary Cu or Se intake was not independently associated with T2DM risk in Chinese adults free from cardiometabolic diseases and cancer at the baseline, there was a significant interaction between dietary Cu and Se intakes on T2DM risk.

Using molybdenum carbiding to induce digestion of carbon in H2O2: A sustainable approach to eliminate radioactivity for hazardous graphite waste inherited from nuclear enterprise.

To properly manage nuclear wastes is critical to sustainable utilization of nuclear power and environment health. Here, we show an innovative carbiding strategy for sustainable management of radioactive graphite through digestion of carbon in H2O2. The combined action of intermolecular oxidation of graphite by MoO3 and molybdenum carbiding demonstrates success in gasifying graphite and sequestrating uranium for a simulated uranium-contaminated graphite waste. The carbiding process plays a triple role: (1) converting graphite into atomic carbon digestible in H2O2, (2) generating oxalic ligands in the presence of H2O2 to favor U-precipitation, and (3) delivering oxalic ligands to coordinate to MoVI-oxo anionic species to improve sample batching capacity. We demonstrate > 99% of uranium to be sequestrated for the simulated waste with graphite matrix completely gasifying while no detectable U-migration occurred during operation. This method has further been extended to removal of surface carbon layers for graphite monolith and thus can be used to decontaminate monolithic graphite waste with emission of a minimal amount of secondary waste. We believe this work not only provides a sustainable approach to tackle the managing issue of heavily metal contaminated graphite waste, but also indicates a promising methodology toward surface decontamination for irradiated graphite in general.

Lanicepines A and B, Sesquiterpenes with Amino Acid-Derived Substituents from the Flowering Aerial Parts of Saussurea laniceps.

Two new guaianolide sesquiterpenes, lanicepines A (1) and B (2), possessing unusual amino acid-derived substituents at C-13, were isolated from the flowering aerial parts of Saussurea laniceps, a traditional herbal medicine also known as "snow lotus". The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis including applications of the modified Mosher's method and Marfey's method as well as ECD calculations. Lanicepine A (1) contains a dihydropyridinone moiety with a carbamoyl and a hydroxymethyl group. This substituent was considered to consist of asparagine and a C4 unit. In contrast, lanicepine B (2) has a substituent that seems to be derived from l-proline and a C4 unit. Lanicepines A (1) and B (2) and two related known sesquiterpenes isolated from the same plant material, 11ß,13-dihydrodesacylcynaropicrin (3) and 11ß,13-dihydrodesacylcynaropicrin 8-O-ß-d-glucoside (4), demonstrated inhibitory activity against IL-1ß production from LPS-stimulated microglial cells.

[A new sesquiterpene lactone from biological transformation of Hericium erinaceus and Artemisiae Annuae Herba].

This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents from the biological transformation of Hericium erinaceus and Artemisiae Annuae Herba(HQ biological transformation). The chemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction of 75% ethanol extract in HQ biological transformation were separated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies together with semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties, spectroscopic analysis, as well as comparisons with the data reported in literature. Nine compounds were isolated and identified as 2α-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin(1), 6ß-hydroxy-stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one(2), 3ß,5α-dihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(3), friedelin(4), dankasterone(5), ergosterol endoperoxide(6), 3ß-hydroxy-5,9-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(7), 3α,5α,9α-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(8), and stigmast-3-one(9). Compound 1 was a new sesquiterpene lactone named 2α-hydroxy-deoxyartemisinin. The activity against Helicobacter pylori(Hp) of compounds 1-9 in vitro was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The screening results showed compounds 1, 2 and 5 had certain anti-Hp activity.

Kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine: Potential implications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

The aging global population is increasingly affected by osteoporosis (OP), which is one of the most significant threats to the elderly. Moreover, its prevention and treatment situations have become increasingly severe. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternatives or complementary drugs for preventing and treating osteoporosis. Kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine (KTTCM) has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis for a long time. Pharmacological studies have shown that kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine can promote osteoblasts, inhibit osteoclasts, and regulate the level of estrogen and plays vital roles in stimulating osteogenesis, restraining adipogenesis of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), regulating the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, and inhibiting oxidative stress. These effects are mediated by OPG/RANKL/RANK, BMP/Smads, MAPKs, and Wnt/ß-catenin systems. To develop a safe, synergistic, effective, and homogenized TCM formula with robust scientific evidence to provide faster and more economical alternatives, the anti-osteoporosis ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine are recapitulated from the perspective of molecular and cell biology, and the safety and toxicity of kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine have also been reviewed in this paper.

Efficacy and Safety of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Silicosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: There is no effective therapy for silicosis, and Dahuang Zhechong pill (DHZCP), an ancient Chinese medicine prescription, may have a therapeutic effect on silicosis. This study aims to verify the efficacy and safety of DHZCP in silicosis. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial done at Panzhihua Second People's Hospital (Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, China). Participants diagnosed with silicosis were recruited and randomized to the conventional treatment group (CG) or DHZCP combined with the conventional treatment group (DG). Forced vital capacity % predicted (FVC%), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide % predicted (DLCO%), six-minute walk distance (6MWD), peripheral oxygen (SpO2), King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease Questionnaire (K-BILD), and safety outcomes were measured at baseline and 9 weeks. RESULTS: Fifty-six participants (28 in each group) completed the study, and 53 of them (26 in DG and 27 in CG) completed pulmonary function. At 9 weeks, compared with no DHZCP, DHZCP treatment was associated with significant improvements in FVC% (mean ± SD, 95%CI) (8.2 ± 3.9, 0.3 to 16.0), DLCO% (8.6 ± 3.5, 1.5 to 15.7), SpO2 (3.8 ± 0.7, 2.3 to 5.2), and K-BILD total score (6.0 ± 2.3, 1.4 to 10.7). And, there were no statistical differences of safety outcomes between the two groups. Eight patients accepting DHZCP developed mild diarrhea during the first week, which subsequently resolved on its own. CONCLUSION: DHZCP could improve the pulmonary function, the quality of life, and the exercise capacity of silicosis patients.

Ten new nortriterpenes from Euphorbia resinifera and their anti-tomato yellow leaf curl virus activities.

Ten new nortriterpenes, euphorbiumrins A-J (1-10), together with three known analogues (11-13) were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia resinifera. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR). Their inhibitions on tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were evaluated and compound 5 exhibited significant anti-TYLCV activity with an inhibition rate of 71.7% at concentration of 40 µg/mL.

The status and progress of first-line treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection: a review.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a major causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. HP is also engaged in the development of gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. It is an important pathogenic factor in various other systemic diseases, such as vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. The current consensus is that unless there is a special reason, eradication therapy should be implemented whenever HP infection is found, and it is ideally successful the first time. International guidelines recommend that under certain conditions, treatment should be personalized based on drug susceptibility testing. However, drug susceptibility testing is often not available because it is expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to obtain living tissue. Each region has separately formulated guidelines or consensuses on empirical therapy. Owing to an increasing drug resistance rate in various places, the eradication rate of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) triple therapy and sequential therapy has been affected. These regimens are rarely used; the PPI triple especially has been abandoned in most areas. Currently, radical treatment regimens for HP involve bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and concomitant therapy. However, quadruple therapy has its own limitations, such as complex drug administration. To improve the effectiveness, safety, and compliance, many clinical studies have proposed useful modified regimens, which mainly include the modified bismuth-containing quadruple regimen, high-dose dual therapy, and vonoprazan-containing regimens. Studies have shown that these emerging regimens have acceptable eradication rates and safety, and are expected to become first-line treatments in empirical therapy. However, the problem of decline in the eradication rate caused by drug resistance has not been fundamentally solved. This review not only summarizes the effectiveness of mainstream regimens in the first-line treatment of HP infection with the currently increasing antibiotic resistance rates, but also summarizes the effectiveness and safety of various emerging treatment regimens.

[Content determination of five flavonoids in Tibetan medicine Rhododendron anthopogonoides by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS)].

To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for five flavonoids in Rhododendron anthopogonoides and verify its feasibility and applicability in the medicinal materials of R. anthopogonoides. With hyperoside as the internal reference, relative correction factors(RCF) of rutin, quercetin, quercitrin and kaempferol were established by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis. RCFs were used to calculate the content of each component, system durability and relative retention time. Simultaneously, QAMS and external standard method(ESM) were used to determine the content of five flavonoids in 12 batches of R. anthopogonoides from different origins. The results were statistically analyzed to verify the accuracy and feasibility. The fingerprints and cluster analysis data of R. anthopogonoides analyzed and discussed differences among the batches. According to the results, the RCFs of rutin, quercetin, quercetin and kaempferol in R. anthopogonoides were 1.242 6, 0.990 5, 0.535 0, and 0.781 3, respectively. The RCFs represented a good reproducibility under different experimental conditions. Besides, there was no significant difference between QAMS and ESM. Besides, the fingerprint and cluster analysis data showed the consistency between the classification and with the origin distribution of the herbs. In conclusion, the QAMS method shows a good stability and accuracy in the quality control of R. anthopogonoides.

Hepatic metabolomics of the compatibility effect of Xiaoyaosan on CUMS-induced depression based on the TCM theory of "Treating Diseases via Regulating the Liver's Function".

This study aimed to demonstrate the scientific connotations and compatibility effects of Xiaoyaosan (XYS) based on the theory of "Treating Diseases via Regulating the Liver's Function" by hepatic metabolomics. XYS was divided into two efficacy groups, i.e. the Shugan (SG) and the Jianpi (JP) groups, according to the strategy of "Efficacy Compositions". The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model was constructed. A 1H NMR-based hepatic metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data (MVD) analysis was performed. Meanwhile, relative distance (RD) and Efficacy Index (EI) were calculated. XYS and its efficacy groups significantly reversed the abnormality of behavior and hepatic metabolomics of depression rats, but to different degrees. The results of ethology and metabolomics showed the same order, i.e. XYS > JP > SG. Two metabolites, i.e. tyrosine and malate, were regulated by all the treatment groups. Four metabolites were significantly regulated only by XYS group. Of note, the results showed the two efficacy groups of XYS exhibited synergistic anti-depression effects, and glutamate, malate and taurine could be the key hepatic metabolites for these synergistic effects. The current study not only complements and consummates the mechanisms of depression and the anti-depression effects of XYS from the perspective of hepatic metabolomics, but also lays a solid foundation for comprehensively and deeply understanding the compatibility effects of XYS against depression, especially from the points of view of compatibility in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and synergism in modern medicine theory.