A Cross-Sectional Survey of Iodized Salt Usage in Dining Establishments - 13 PLADs, China, 2021-2022.

What is already known about this topic?: The National Iodine Deficiency Disease Surveillance system is exclusively focused on monitoring cooking salt used within households. Currently, there is a lack of nationally representative data on the use of iodized salt in dining establishments. What is added by this report?: This study evaluated 7,889 salt samples obtained from dining establishments located in 13 provincial-level administrative divisions across China. The findings indicated that coverage rate of iodized salt (CRIS) and the consumption rate of adequately iodized salt (CRAIS) were found to be 95.2% and 90.2%, respectively. Further, 880 samples were classified as iodized salt and 804 as adequately iodized salt. In coastal areas, the CRIS and CRAIS showed a significant decrease to 77.1% and 70.5%, respectively, when compared to the inland regions (P<0.01). What are the implications for public health practices?: The data compiled could potentially fill the void in the national data concerning the use of iodized salt in dining establishments throughout China. It is of the utmost importance to increase the awareness of restaurant operators, particularly those located in coastal areas, about the benefits of iodine supplementation. Moreover, they should be encouraged to use adequately iodized salt.

Re-exploration of dietary iodine intake in Chinese adult males using a modified iodine balance study.

There is still controversy about optimal dietary iodine intake as the Universal Salt Iodization policy enforcement in China. A modified iodine balance study was thus conducted to explore the suitable iodine intake in Chinese adult males using the iodine overflow hypothesis. In this study, thirty-eight apparently healthy males (19·1 (sd 0·6) years) were recruited and provided with designed diets. After the 14-d iodine depletion, daily iodine intake gradually increased in the 30-d iodine supplementation, consisting of six stages and each of 5 d. All foods and excreta (urine, faeces) were collected to examine daily iodine intake, iodine excretion and the changes of iodine increment in relation to those values at stage 1. The dose-response associations of iodine intake increment with excretion increment were fitted by the mixed effects models, as well as with retention increment. Daily iodine intake and excretion were 16·3 and 54·3 µg/d at stage 1, and iodine intake increment increased from 11·2 µg/d at stage 2 to 118·0 µg/d at stage 6, while excretion increment elevated from 21·5 to 95·0 µg/d. A zero iodine balance was dynamically achieved as 48·0 µg/d of iodine intake. The estimated average requirement and recommended nutrient intake were severally 48·0 and 67·2 µg/d, which could be corresponded to a daily iodine intake of 0·74 and 1·04 µg/kg per d. The results of our study indicate that roughly half of current iodine intakes recommendation could be enough in Chinese adult males, which would be beneficial for the revision of dietary reference intakes.

Re-exploring the requirement of dietary iodine intake in Chinese female adults based on 'iodine overflow theory'.

PURPOSE: We re-explored the basal iodine requirement based on healthy Chinese female and a new iodine overflow theory was proposed for iodine balance study. METHODS: Thirty-six Chinese healthy female adults (age 20.7 ± 1.1) were recruited for this study, which included 40 days low iodine depletion period and six stages of 30 days supplementation period. Uniform diets with low iodine were provided and the content of iodine in the diet was regulated by dairy products. The total iodine intake from food and the total iodine excretion through 24-h urine and staged feces were completely gathered and monitored. The incremental (Δ) intake and excretion over the range were calculated. RESULTS: The iodine intake and excretion were 13.6 µg/day and 48.6 µg/day at the first stage, respectively. The incremental iodine intakes and excretions were 21.1 µg/day to 120.3 µg/day and 25.8 µg/day to 105.4 µg/day for the supplementation stages, respectively. According to the 'iodine overflow theory', the zero iodine balance (Δ iodine intake = Δ iodine excretion) derived from a mixed effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 52.2 µg/d (1.0 µg/d kg). The RNI for iodine to healthy Chinese female adult was 73.1 µg/d (1.4 µg/d kg). CONCLUSION: A daily iodine intake of 52.2 µg/d may meet the basal iodine requirement for healthy Chinese female adults, and Chinese female may need more than 20% iodine intake than male based on the 'iodine overflow theory'. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in May 2018 (No: ChiCTR1800016184).

Pharmacological Mechanisms of Tinglizi against Chronic Heart Failure Determined by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking.

OBJECTIVE: Tinglizi has been extensively used to treat chronic heart failure (CHF) in modern times, but the material basis and pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear. To explore the material basis and corresponding potential targets and to elucidate the mechanism of Tinglizi, network pharmacology and molecular docking methods were utilized. METHODS: The main chemical compounds and potential targets of Tinglizi were collected from the pharmacological database analysis platform (TCMSP). The corresponding genes of related action targets were queried through gene cards and UniProt database. The corresponding genes of CHF-related targets were searched through Disgenet database, and the intersection targets were obtained by drawing Venn map with the target genes related to pharmacodynamic components. Then, drug targets and disease targets were intersected and put into STRING database to establish a protein interaction network. The "active ingredient-CHF target" network was constructed with Cytoscape 3.8.2. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) Enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment of intersection targets were analyzed using metascape. With the aid of SYBYL software, the key active ingredients and core targets were docked at molecular level, and the results were visualized by PyMOL software. Molecular docking was carried out to investigate interactions between active compounds and potential targets. RESULTS: A total of 12 active components in Tinglizi were chosen from the TCMSP database, and 193 corresponding targets were predicted. Twenty-nine potential targets of Tinglizi on CHF were obtained, of which nine were the core targets of this study. Twenty GO items were obtained by GO function enrichment analysis (P < 0.05), and 10 signal pathways were screened by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (P < 0.05), which is closely related to the treatment of CHF by Tinglizi. The constructed drug compound composition action target disease network shows that quercetin, kaempferol, and other active compounds play a key role in the whole network. The results of molecular docking showed that all the key active ingredients, such as quercetin and isorhamnetin, were able to successfully dock with ADRB2 and HMOX1 with a total score above 5.0, suggesting that these key components have a strong binding force with the targets. CONCLUSION: Through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, we found that the main components of Tinglizi in the treatment of CHF are quercetin, kaempferol, ß-sitosterol, isorhamnetin, and so on. The action targets are beta 2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), and so on. The main pathways are advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway in diabetic complications, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and so on. They play an integrated role in the treatment of CHF.

[Content determination of eight phenols in Ilex hainanensis harvested at different time by HPLC-DAD].

This study intends to develop a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyl-1-butene-4-O-ß-D-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside, pubescenoside B, huazhongilexone-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C in Ilex hainanensis. The HPLC conditions are as follows: Waters XBridge C_(18 )column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm), mobile phase of 0.5% formic acid in water(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution(0-8 min, 5%-12% B; 8-18 min, 12%-18% B; 18-30 min, 18%-25% B; 30-40 min, 25%-30% B; 40-42 min, 30%-80% B; 42-45 min, 80% B) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), detection wavelengths of 282, 324, and 360 nm, column temperature of 25 ℃, and injection volume of 5 µL. The content of the 8 phenols in 8 samples was 0.30-6.29, 0.29-3.27, 0.15-10.4, 0.51-5.85, 0.49-9.02, 0.51-4.68, 1.93-13.4, and 0.87-5.95 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Moreover, the content of phenols in the samples collected in October was higher than that of samples harvested in other months. The established method is accurate and sensitive for the determination of phenols in I. hainanensis, which is useful for the quality improvement of this herbal medicine.

Effects of high potassium iodate intake on iodine metabolism and antioxidant capacity in rats.

BACKGROUND: KIO3 and KI are the most common salt iodization agents. Coincidentally, iodine exists naturally in high-iodine drinking water in the form of iodide (I-) or iodate (IO3-). As an oxidizing substance, IO3- should be reduced to I- before it can be effectively used by the thyroid. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the metabolic process of high dose KIO3in vivo. METHODS: The iodine metabolism processes in the thyroid and serum of rats after high KIO3 intake were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS) and arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. The changes of redox activity in the serum, thyroid, liver, and kidneys were observed by detecting total antioxidative activity (TAA). RESULTS: High doses of IO3- were completely reduced to I-in vivo within 0.5 h. The level of organic bound iodine in the serum was stable, while the organic bound iodine in the thyroid increased to a plateau after intake of high-dose KIO3. The levels of total iodine and I- in serum and thyroid increased quickly, then all decreased after reaching the maximum absorption peak, and I- had two absorption peaks in serum. The thyroid blocking dose of I- was 0.5 mg/kg in rat. Additionally, high KIO3 intake did not influence the TAA in serum and other tissues. CONCLUSION: The body is able to reduce and utilize high doses of KIO3 ingested through the digestive tract. The metabolism of high KIO3in vivo is characterized by two absorption process of I- in serum and the thyroid blocking effect. Moreover, a single intake of high-dose KIO3 does not affect TAA in vivo. The results suggest that such excess IO3- may have be reduced in the digestive tract before I- enters the blood.

Is the current iodine content in edible salt appropriate for eliminating iodine deficiency in China.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to measure the urinary iodine excretion of volunteers who daily consumed iodized salt and to evaluate whether the current iodine content in salt is appropriate. A field trial study was then conducted to determine how the salt iodization content should be adjusted, either to prevent iodine deficiency or to avoid excess consumption. METHODS: A total of 1,099 volunteers from 399 households from urban and rural regions were selected. The levels of salt iodine and urinary iodine were measured prior to the field trial. All the households were randomly divided into four groups according to different salt iodine concentrations: group A, 6+/-2 mg/kg; group B, 15+/-2 mg/kg, group C, 24+/-2 mg/kg; and group D, 34+/-2 mg/kg. The urinary iodine levels of households were determined over five consecutive days, starting on the 27th day after the intervention. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the median urinary iodine excretions for urban and rural residents are 294 microg/L and 509 microg/L, respectively. By contrast, urinary iodine excretion in all groups significantly declined after the intervention. The median excretions of urinary iodine on the 28th day after the intervention for all groups were 97.2 microg/L, 199 microg/L, 249 microg/L and 331 microg/L for urban residents, and 101 microg/L, 193 microg/L, 246 microg/L and 308 microg/L for their rural counterparts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The trial exhibits a tendency of slightly excessive iodine intake among the households under the currently recommended standard.