Dietary palm oil enhances Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis through inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) is considered to be a major regulator to control cholesterol homoeostasis in mammals. However, the role of SREBP2 in teleost remains poorly understand. Here, we explored the molecular characterisation of SREBP2 and identified SREBP2 as a key modulator for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which were rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Moreover, dietary palm oil in vivo or palmitic acid (PA) treatment in vitro elevated cholesterol content through triggering SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis in large yellow croaker. Furthermore, our results also found that PA-induced activation of SREBP2 was dependent on the stimulating of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in croaker myocytes and inhibition of ERS by 4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviated PA-induced SREBP2 activation and cholesterol biosynthesis. In summary, our findings reveal a novel insight for understanding the role of SREBP2 in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish and may deepen the link between dietary fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.

Glycerol monolaurate improved intestinal barrier, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and microbiota dysbiosis in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) fed with high soybean oil diets.

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a potential candidate for regulating metabolic syndrome and inflammatory response. However, the role of GML in modulating intestinal health in fish has not been well determined. In this study, a 70-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of GML on intestinal barrier, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and microbiota community of large yellow croaker (13.05 ± 0.09 g) fed with high level soybean oil (SO) diets. Two basic diets with fish oil (FO) or SO were formulated. Based on the SO group diet, three different levels of GML 0.02% (SO0.02), 0.04% (SO0.04) and 0.08% (SO0.08) were supplemented respectively. Results showed that intestinal villus height and perimeter ratio were increased in SO0.04 treatment compared with the SO group. The mRNA expressions of intestinal physical barrier-related gene odc and claudin-11 were significantly up-regulated in different addition of GML treatments compared with the SO group. Fish fed SO diet with 0.04% GML addition showed higher activities of acid phosphatase and lysozyme compared with the SO group. The content of malonaldehyde was significantly decreased and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in 0.02% and 0.04% GML groups compared with those in the SO group. The mRNA transcriptional levels of inflammatory response-related genes (il-1ß, il-6, tnf-α and cox-2) in 0.04% GML treatment were notably lower than those in the SO group. Meanwhile, sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA V4-V5 region showed that GML addition changed gut microbiota structure and increased alpha diversity of large yellow croaker fed diets with a high level of SO. The correlation analysis results indicated that the change of intestinal microbiota relative abundance strongly correlated with intestinal health indexes. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that 0.02%-0.04% GML addition could improve intestinal morphology, physical barrier, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and microbiota dysbiosis of large yellow croaker fed diets with a high percentage of SO.

Effects of supplemental octanoate on hepatic lipid metabolism, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and inflammation-related genes expression of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) fed with high soybean oil diet.

Dietary high soybean oil (SO) levels might cause hepatic lipid deposition, induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in aquatic animals, while octanoate (OCT) is beneficial to metabolism and health in mammals. However, the effect of OCT has been studied rarely in aquatic animals. In this study, a 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental OCT on hepatic lipid metabolism, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) fed with high SO levels diet. The negative control diet contained 7% fish oil (FO), while the positive control diet contained 7% SO. The other four experimental diets were supplemented with 0.7, 2.1, 6.3 and 18.9 g/kg sodium octanoate (OCT) based on the positive control diet. Results showed that OCT supplementation effectively reduced the hepatic crude lipid, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-esterified free fatty acids contents, and alleviated lipid accumulation caused by the SO diet. Meanwhile, OCT supplementation decreased the serum TG, TC, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, improved the serum lipid profiles and alleviated hepatic injury. Furthermore, with the supplementation of OCT, the mRNA expression of genes related to lipogenesis (acc1, scd1, fas, srebp1, dgat1 and cebpα) and fatty acid (FA) transport (fabp3, fatp and cd36) were down-regulated, while the mRNA expression of genes related to lipolysis (atgl, hsl and lpl) and FA ß-oxidation (cpt1 and mcad) were up-regulated. Besides that, dietary OCT increased the total antioxidant capacity, activities of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase and the content of reduced glutathione, decreased the content of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde and relieved hepatic oxidative stress. Supplementation of 0.7 and 2.1 g/kg OCT down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnfα, il1ß and ifnγ), and suppressed hepatic inflammatory response. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.7-2.1 g/kg OCT could reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, relieve oxidative stress and regulate inflammatory response in large yellow croaker fed the diet with high SO levels, providing a new way to alleviate the hepatic fat deposition in aquatic animals.

Zn-Enriched Bacillus cereus Alleviates Cd Toxicity in Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Intestinal Microbiota, Bioaccumulation, and Oxidative Stress.

Cadmium (Cd) poisoning in humans and fish represents a significant global problem. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a widely used probiotic in aquaculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of B. cereus in ameliorating Cd-induced toxicity in mirror carp. The biosorption rate of Zn for the B. cereus in 85.99% was significantly more than five strains. All fishes were exposed for 30 days to dietary ZnCl2 (30mg/kg), waterborne Cd (1 mg/L), and/or dietary Zn-enriched B. cereus (Zn 30mg/kg and 107cfu/g B. cereus). At 15 and 30 days, the fishes were sampled, and bioaccumulation, antioxidant activity, and intestinal microbiota were measured. Waterborne Cd exposure caused marked alterations in the composition of the microbiota. Dietary supplementation with Zn-enriched B. cereus can reduce the changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota in Cd exposure and decrease the pathogenic bacteria of Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas in Zn-enriched B. cereus groups. The results obtained indicate that Zn-enriched B. cereus can provide a significant protective effect on the toxicity of cadmium by inhibiting alterations in the levels of bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant (T-AOC), and malonaldehyde (MDA). Our results suggest that administration of Zn-enriched B. cereus has the potential to combat Cd toxicity in mirror carp.

Amelioration of Cd-induced bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota by Bacillus cereus in Carassius auratus gibelio.

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous pollutant known to exert various toxic effects and other sublethal to lethal effects on aquatic organisms, and can be commonly found in environment. The genus Bacillus was one of dominant probiotics, which was commonly used in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary administration of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota of Carassius auratus gibelio (C. gibelio) after Cd exposure. Fish were exposed for 4 weeks to waterborne Cd at 0, 1 and 2 mg/L and/or dietary B. cereus at 108 cfu/g. At 2 and 4 weeks, the fish were sampled and bioaccumulation, antioxidant activity and intestinal microbiota were assessed. Waterborne Cd exposure caused marked alterations in the composition of the microbiota. Dietary supplementation with B. cereus can reverse the changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota in Cd exposure and increase the abundance of Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Cetobacterium in the 0 and 1 mg/L Cd. The results obtained indicate that B. cereus can provide a significant protective effect on the toxicity of cadmium by inhibiting alterations in the levels of bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The present findings imply that dietary supplement of B. cereus can effectively protect C.gibelio to combat cadmium toxicity.

Arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, a Major Maillard Reaction Product of Red Ginseng, Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Regulating Nuclear Factor κB and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways.

Recently, although ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and its main component saponins (ginsenosides) have been reported to exert protective effects on cisplatin (CDDP)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), the beneficial activities of non-saponin on CDDP-induced AKI is little known. This research was designed to explore the protective effect and underlying mechanism of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG), a major and representative non-saponin component generated during the process of red ginseng, on CDDP-caused AKI. AFG at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg remarkably reversed CDDP-induced renal dysfunction, accompanied by the decreased levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Interestingly, all of oxidative stress indices were ameliorated after pretreatment with AFG continuously for 10 days. Importantly, AFG relieved CDDP-induced inflammation and apoptosis in part by mitigating the cascade initiation steps of nuclear factor κB signals and regulating the participation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal pathway. In conclusion, these results clearly provide strong rationale for the development of AFG to prevent CDDP-induced AKI.

Dissipation and residues of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole in ginseng ecosystems under different cultivation environments.

Ginseng is a valuable herb, the roots of which have been consumed for medicinal use since ancient times in Asian countries. Currently, its cultivation in China is conducted in either forests or non-forest areas. In this study, we investigated the dissipation and residues of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in ginseng ecosystems in these two cultivation environments. The half-life of CAP in ginseng leaves was calculated to be 16.5 days in non-forest areas and 23.9 days in forests, while the half-life of CAP in the soil under non-forest and forest cultivation was 33.0 and 53.3 days, respectively. The relatively long persistence of CAP in ginseng leaves and soil could be attributed to the unique cultivation techniques of ginseng, which prevents exposure to direct sunlight irradiation and rainfall. The residual amounts of CAP in ginseng leaves, roots, and soil in non-forest areas were 0.168, 0.011, and 0.013 mg kg-1 21 days after CAP application at the maximum label-allowed dosage and frequency versus 0.564, 0.013, and < 0.005 mg kg-1 in forests. CAP application strategies for the control of Lepidoptera pests such as armyworms, and the safety of harvested ginseng roots are recommended for ginseng cultivated in forests and non-forest areas based on the results of the CAP residue experiments.

A molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective solid-phase extraction of dimethomorph from ginseng samples.

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and evaluated to selectively extract dimethomorph from ginseng samples. Dimethomorph molecularly imprinted polymers with template to monomer molar ratios were contrived and developed via precipitation polymerization employing methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as cross-linker and butanone:N-heptane (7:3, v:v)as porogen. The LOD (limit of detection) of this method was 0.002 mg kg(-1), and the LOQ (limit of quantification) was 0.005 mg kg(-1). The different spiked level of ginseng was 0.1 mg kg(-1), 1.0 mg kg(-1), 5.0 mg kg(-1), and the average recovery of dimethomrph was 89.2-91.6%. Under the optimized condition, good linearity was obtained from 0.01 to 5 mg kg(-1) (r(2) ≥ 0.9997) with the relative standard deviations of less than 3.20%. This proposed MISPE-GC procedure eliminated the effect of template leakage on quantitative analysis and could be applied to direct determination of dimethomrph in ginseng samples.