Optimal peritoneal cancer index cutoff point for predicting surgical resectability of pseudomyxoma peritonei in treatment-naive patients.

BACKGROUND: The peritoneal cancer index (PCI) has been used to predict surgical outcomes for pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). The present study aimed to establish the optimal cutoff point for PCI to predict surgical resectability of PMP. METHODS: A total of 366 PMP patients were included. The patients were divided into low-grade and high-grade groups. Based on the completeness of the cytoreduction (CC) score, both low-grade and high-grade PMP patients were further divided into complete cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and maximal tumor debulking (MTD) subgroups. The ability to predict surgical resectability of total and selected PCI (regions 2 + 9 to 12) was analyzed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Both total and selected PCI demonstrated excellent discriminative ability in predicting surgical resectability for low-grade PMP patients (n = 266), with the ROC-AUC of 0.940 (95% CI: 0.904-0.965) and 0.927 (95% CI: 0.889-0.955). The corresponding optimal cutoff point was 21 and 5, respectively. For high-grade PMP patients (n = 100), both total and selected PCI exhibited good performance in predicting surgical resectability, with the ROC-AUC of 0.894 (95% CI: 0.816-0.946) and 0.888 (95% CI: 0.810-0.943); correspondingly, the optimal cutoff point was 25 and 8, respectively. The discriminative ability between total and selected PCI in predicting surgical resectability did not show a statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Both total and selected PCI exhibited good performance and similarity in predicting complete surgical resection for both low-grade and high-grade PMP patients. However, the selected PCI was simpler and time-saving in clinical practice. In the future, new imaging techniques or predictive models may be developed to better predict PCI preoperatively, which might assist in confirming whether complete surgical resection can be achieved.

Overexpression of potato ORANGE (StOR) and StOR mutant in Arabidopsis confers increased carotenoid accumulation and tolerance to abiotic stress.

ORANGE (OR) plays essential roles in regulating carotenoid homeostasis and enhancing the ability of plants to adapt to environmental stress. However, OR proteins have been functionally characterized in only a few plant species, and little is known about the role of potato OR (StOR). In this study, we characterized the StOR gene in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Atlantic). StOR is predominantly localized to the chloroplast, and its transcripts are tissue-specifically expressed and significantly induced in response to abiotic stress. Compared with wild type, overexpression of StOR increased ß-carotene levels up to 4.8-fold, whereas overexpression of StORHis with a conserved arginine to histidine substitution promoted ß-carotene accumulation up to 17.6-fold in Arabidopsis thaliana calli. Neither StOR nor StORHis overexpression dramatically affected the transcript levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, overexpression of either StOR or StORHis increased abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, which was associated with higher photosynthetic capacity and antioxidative activity. Taken together, these results indicate that StOR could be exploited as a potential new genetic tool for the improvement of crop nutritional quality and environmental stress tolerance.

Indirubin regulates T cell differentiation by promoting αVß8 expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a disease that can invade the whole digestive tract and is accompanied by immune abnormalities. Immune dysfunction involving dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells is recognized as a key factor in diseases. Indirubin (IDRB) exerts antiinflammatory effects and can help in treating immune diseases. This study aimed to isolate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to obtain mature DCs (mDCs). The expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC-II was detected using flow cytometry after treatment with IDRB. αVß8 siRNA was used to knock down αVß8 in mDCs, and the expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC-II was detected. Meanwhile, DCs were co-cultured with T cells. Then, T cell differentiation was detected using flow cytometry, and the cytokine levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The animal model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease was established in mice. After intervention with IDRB and αVß8 shRNA, the intestinal tissues were evaluated using H&E staining, disease activity index (DAI) score, and histological damage index, and the corresponding factors and cytokines to regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 were measured. The results showed that αVß8 was expressed in immature DCs and mDCs. CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC-II expression decreased after IDRB treatment in mDCs. Meanwhile, the expression of TNF-α and TGF-ß also decreased after IDRB treatment. The effect of IDRB on the expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC-II, TNF-α, and TGF-ß in mDCs was reversed by αVß8 siRNA. The Treg differentiation increased after IDRB treatment, while the differentiation of Th17 cells was inhibited. This effect of IDRB was reversed by mDCs after treatment with αVß8 siRNA. In vivo experiments showed that IDRB alleviated the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in animals. Enteritis significantly reduced, and the effect of IDRB was reversed by αVß8 shRNA. The results suggested that IDRB regulated the differentiation of T cells by mediating the maturation of BMDCs through αVß8. This study confirmed the therapeutic effect of IDRB in inflammatory bowel disease and suggested that IDRB might serve as a potential drug.

Prognostic nutritional index before surgical treatment may serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: This meta-analysis aims to assess whether the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) score before treatment can be an independent biomarker of the prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Materials and methods: We systematically search PubMed, Embase, Scopus database, and Cochrane Library, and the search time is up to April 2021. Use STATA 16.0 software for data processing and statistical analysis. Results: Six studies, including seven cohorts, were eventually included in our meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that low PNI scores are associated with worse OS (HR: 1.92; 95% CI 1.60 to 2.30; P < 0.01), DFS/RFS/PFS (HR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.33 to 1.85; P < 0.01), and CSS/DSS (HR: 1.79; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.16; P < 0.01), which supported the PNI score as an independent prognostic biomarker for survival outcomes. The subgroup analysis and Begg's test showed that the results were stable. Conclusion: Based on current evidence, this meta-analysis proves that the PNI score of UTUC patients before treatment is an independent prognostic biomarker. It performs well on OS, DFS/RFS/PFS, and CSS/DSS. This conclusion needs to be verified by a prospective cohort study with larger sample size and a more rigorous design. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022338503], identifier [CRD42022338503].

The association between histological prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a single-center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between histological prostatitis (HP) and clinical parameters related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in male. METHOD: The clinical data of 196 BPH patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate were collected. According to the results of hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of prostate tissue, patients were divided into two groups: BPH with HP group and BPH without HP group. Differences in acute urinary retention (AUR), prostate volume (PV), serum sex hormones, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related parameters, and systemic inflammation indicators were compared between the two groups. SPSS software v.25 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the BPH without HP group, the BPH with HP group had greater AUR rate, PV, total IPSS, and IPSS-storage in BPH with HP group (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in IPSS-voiding, post-void residual volume, maximum urinary flow rate, serum sex hormones, and systemic inflammation indicators between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that patients with HP have larger PV, more severe LUTS, and a higher risk of AUR. HP is closely related to BPH and may be a key factor in the occurrence and clinical progress of BPH.

Comparison of enucleation between thulium laser and holmium laser for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of Thulium laser enucleation of prostate (ThuLEP) and Holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases within a period from the date of database establishment to October 2020. RevMan 5.4. was used for calculation and statistical analyses. 8 studies of 2125 patients were included. ThuLEP provided less hemoglobin decrease (MD: -0.37, 95%CI -0.61 to -0.14, P = 0.002) and shorter length of hospital stay (MD: -0.41, 95%CI -0.72 to -0.10, P = 0.01). During the postoperative follow-ups, statistically significant differences only were found in IPSS (MD: -0.96; 95%CI -1.27 to -0.65; P < 0.00001) at the 3rd month. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that ThuLEP, compared with HoLEP, has better security, faster improvement of symptoms. However, our conclusions still require a larger sample size, multi-center, and longer follow-up randomized controlled trials to verify.

Holmium laser enucleation versus bipolar transurethral enucleation for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, which one is better?

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the overall efficacy and safety between holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and bipolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate (B-TUEP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHOD: We systematically searched electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) to identify eligible comparative studies as of July 2021. The parameters including perioperative results, complications, and functional outcomes were evaluated. RevMan version 5.4 was used for the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies involving 1725 patients were included. HoLEP had lower operative time (p = .03), shorter catheterization time (p = .007), lower bladder irrigation time (p = .01), and higher enucleation weight (p = .01) compared with B-TUEP. However, there were no significant differences between the techniques regarding the length of stay (LOS), hemoglobin drop, transfusion rates, and complications. Furthermore, no significant differences were also observed in postoperative functional outcomes at 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: HoLEP has more advantages in perioperative parameters compared with B-TUEP, but no significant differences are found regarding functional outcomes and complications. Large-scale studies with long-term follow-up are required to compare the outcomes of these two techniques.

Controlling Nutritional Status Score Before Receiving Treatment as a Prognostic Indicator for Patients With Urothelial Cancer: An Exploration Evaluation Methods.

INTRODUCTION: This meta-analysis aims to assess whether the Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score before treatment can be an independent predictor of the prognosis of patients with urothelial cancer (UC). METHODS: The system searches Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Cochrane Library, and the search time is up to April 2021. Use STATA 16.0 and Engauge Digitizer 4.1 software for data processing and statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 8 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results show that compared with the low CONUT group, the high CONUT group has worse over survival (OS) [HR=1.58, 95%CI (1.34, 1.86), P=0.001], cancer-specific survival (CSS) [HR=2.03, 95%CI (1.25-3.29), P=0.04] and recurrence-free survival (RFS) [HR=1.97, 95%CI (1.15, 3.40), P=0.014]; for progression-free survival (PFS), or disease-free survival (DFS), the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant [HR=2.30, 95%CI (0.72, 7.32), P=0.158]. According to different carcinoma types, cut-off value, and region, subgroup analysis of OS was performed, and similar results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Based on current evidence, this meta-analysis proves that the CONUT score of UC patients before treatment is an independent prognostic predictor. It performs well on OS, CSS, and RFS, but the conclusions on DFS/PFS need to be treated with caution. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021251890, identifier CRD42021251890.

Lycopene supplementation protects vascular dementia gerbils against the impairment of learning and memory.

In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of lycopene (Lyc) on vascular dementia (VaD) gerbils and its related mechanisms of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant activity. Gerbils were treated with bilateral common carotid arteries. Animals were divided into 1) Sham, 2) VaD model, and 3) VaD model + Lyc (20 mg/kg) groups. Each group (3) was administered intergalactic Lyc twice a day for 28 days. Morris water mazes were used to evaluate learning and memory ability. Nissl, NeuN, and GFAP staining were used to observe histomorphological changes of neural and glial cells in the hippocampus CA1 region. Western blotting was used to detect hippocampus caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related × protein (Bax), and interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-a) expression amongst other inflammatory factors. Secreted IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a levels were assessed by ELISA in addition to superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). We found that Lyc increased the learning and memory ability of gerbils by reducing the latency time in the Morris water maze, and increasing spatial memory. Lyc also reduced pathological changes in the hippocampus caused by VaD, reduced apoptosis, and decreased VaD mediated Bcl-2/Bax expression. The levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress were also reduced by Lyc in the VaD models. We therefore conclude that Lyc can improve the learning and memory ability of VaD gerbils, the mechanism of which may be related to reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in VaD hippocampus neurons.

Impact of phosphorus fertilizer level on the yield and metabolome of goji fruit.

Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a highly medicinal value tree species. The yield and nutritional contents of goji fruit are significant affected by fertilizer level. In this study, we analyzed the yield and nutritional contents change of goji fruit, which planted in pot (vermiculite:perlite, 1:2, v:v) in growth chamber under P0 (32.5 g/per tree), P1 (65 g/per tree), and P2 (97.5 g/per tree). Meanwhile, we utilized an integrated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to analysis of the response of the metabolome in goji fruit to phosphorus level. The results show that the yield of goji fruits had strongly negative correlation with phosphorus level, especially in the third harvest time. The amino acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and betaine contents of goji fruits in the first harvest time had obvious correlated with the level of phosphorus level. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment results indicated that the impact of different phosphorus fertilizer levels on each group mainly involved the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The results provide new insights into the theoretical basis of the relationship between the nutritional contents of goji fruits and phosphorus fertilizer level.

[High-Frequency Dynamics of Water Quality and Phytoplankton Community in Inflowing River Mouth of Xin'anjiang Reservoir, China].

The tail of the reservoir is the unstable zone regarding water quality and phytoplankton community. Therefore, it is the crucial zone in aquatic ecosystem transitions. To understand the transition characteristics and driving mechanisms of water environment dynamics, high-frequency monitoring of the water environment and phytoplankton community in the tail of a deep and large reservoir, the Xin'anjiang Reservoir in southeast of China, was conducted using a water quality monitoring buoy and three-day interval water sampling during 18 months. Results show clear seasonal thermal and oxygen stratification in the river mouth of the reservoir. The nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations also show stratifying phenomena during the thermal stratification period. Heavy rain and inflow quickly consume the stratification. Nutrient concentrations were highly dynamic in the river mouth. The total phosphorus ranges from 0.011 mg·L-1 to 0.188 mg·L-1, and total nitrogen ranges from 0.75 mg·L-1 to 2.76 mg·L-1. Dissolved phosphorus comprised 56% of total phosphorus, and dissolved nitrogen occupied 88% of total nitrogen, respectively. Nutrient concentrations were influenced strongly by rainfall intensity and inflow rate. Total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations were significantly related to the three-day accumulated rainfall. Nutrient concentrations in the flood season (March to June) were significantly higher than in the non-flood season (P<0.001). Seasonal phytoplankton proliferation also significantly influenced by total phosphorus concentration. The phytoplankton community changes significantly with seasons and flood events. Bacillariophytea was generally dominant throughout the year, with the predominant genus of Fragilaria spp., Cyclotella spp., Synedra spp., and Melosira spp. Cyanophyta biomass peaked in July, August, and September, with the dominant genus of Aphanizomenon spp., Microcystis spp., and Oscillatoria spp. Apart from the high temperature, storm inflow events also triggered Cyanophyta proliferation. The proliferation of Chlorophyta was similar to Cyanophyta, with the predominant genus of Pediastrum spp. and Closterium spp.. While the Cryptophyta biomass peaked during March to May, with the predominant genus of Cryptomonas spp.. Redundancy analysis shows that the influence factors of phytoplankton community dynamics include the inflow rate, temperature, water level, water transparency, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nitrogen to phosphorus ratio. The meteorological and hydrological factors were major factors for phytoplankton dynamics during later autumn and winter, while the nutrient will be the co-driving factors of phytoplankton community dynamics during summer and early autumn. The research confirmed the huge influence of the intensity rainfall event on the water environment in reservoirs and described the key environmental conditions for phytoplankton community dynamics. The research is useful for the design of the monitoring and forecasting system for water safety in drinking water source reservoirs.

Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Metabolite Profiling of the Lycium barbarum L. Fruit.

The yield and quality of goji (Lycium barbarum L.) fruit are heavily dependent on fertilizer, especially the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P, and K, respectively). In this study, we performed a metabolomic analysis of the response of goji berry to nitrogen fertilizer levels using an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. There was no significant difference in the fruit yield or the commodity grade between N0 (42.5 g/plant), N1 (85 g/plant), and N2 (127.5 g/plant). The primary nutrients of the goji berry changed with an increasing nitrogen fertilization. Comparative metabolomic profiling of three nitrogen levels resulted in the identification of 612 metabolites, including amino acids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and lipids/alcohols, among others, of which 53 metabolites (lipids, fatty acids, organic acids, and phenolamides) demonstrated significant changes. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between yield and quality of goji berry and nitrogen fertilizer.

Comparison Between Minimally Invasive Simple Prostatectomy and Open Simple Prostatectomy for Large Prostates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Trials.

Background: Although previous studies have compared the minimally invasive simple prostatectomy (MISP) with open simple prostatectomy (OSP) for large prostates, there is still controversy. This study aims to provide the latest evidence for clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched Science, EMBASE, PubMed, and Clinicalkey databases for articles comparing MISP and OSP for large prostates. Result parameters including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urine flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), irrigation time (IT), catheterization time (CT), length of hospital stay (LOS), transfusion rate (TR), and complications were evaluated using RevMan 5.3. Results: A total of 995 patients were included in 10 studies. No statistically significant differences were found between two groups in IPSS (weighted average difference [WMD] = -0.36, p = 0.26), QoL (WMD = -0.22, p = 0.05), Qmax (WMD = 0.46, p = 0.62), and PVR (WMD = -2.14, p = 0.65). The MISP group had similar IT (WMD = -1.52, p = 0.06), lesser EBL (WMD = -292.22, p < 0.001), shorter CT (WMD = -1.89, p < 0.0001), shorter LOS (WMD = -2.52, p < 0.001), lower TR (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21, p < 0.001), and lower complications (OR = 0.49, p < 0.001) compared with OSP group. However, the OT (WMD = 43.07, p < 0.001) of MISP was longer than that of OSP. Conclusions: The present results demonstrated that MISP provided similar efficacy to those of OSP while maintaining a better security. Our findings imply that MISP is a feasible and effective alternative to the OSP.

[Research on growth state and physiological changes of Tianquan Bergenia purpurascens under different shade conditions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the growth index and physiological index of Tianquan Bergenia purpurascens under different shade conditions (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%), and investigate its adaptation mechanism to shade environment so that it can provide theoretical basis for cultivation and production. METHOD: The growth index such as the length, the width and the number of new leaves, and leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and specific leaf weight of the samples which were collected from the beginning of March to late May under different shade conditions were measured. The physiological index including the contents of photosynthetic pigments, MDA, soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline and the activity of SOD were measured all together. RESULT: The growth and morphological index under light intensity 100%-60% were higher than those under light intensity 40%-20%. And except specific leaf weight, the growth and morphological index were significantly higher under light intensity 60% than those under the other shade conditions; The contents of Chla, Chlb, Chl (a + b) and Car under light intensity 100%-60% were higher than those under light intensity 40%-20%, while Chla/b was higher under light intensity 40%-20%; The activity of SOD, soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline contents were higher under light intensity 100%-60%, while MDA content was higher under light intensity 40%-20%. Chl(a+b) content, soluble sugar content and activity of SOD were the highest under light intensity 60%, but MDA content was the lowest. CONCLUSION: Sixty percent irradiance treatment was the most favorable to the growth of Tianquan B. purpurascens; 100%-80% irradiance treatments were favorable to its growth; 40%-20% irradiance treatment was negative for its growth.

[Research on growth state and physiological changes of Epimedium wushanense under different shade conditions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the growth state and physiological changes of Epimedium wushanense under different light conditions (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%), and investigate its adaptation mechanism to shade environment so that it can provide theoretical basis for cultivation and production. METHOD: The growth index, the content of photosynthetic pigments, proline content, MDA content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzymy activity of E. wushanense under different shade conditions were measured. RESULT: Except for length/width, the other form index of E. wushanense changed significantly. The E. wushanense grew well between light intensity 80%-40%, besides, the biomass above the earth was relatively high. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids cotent were enhanced after shaded, the values of chlorophyll a\chlorophyll b increased between light intensity 100% -60% and reduced between light intensity 60% -20%. The proline and MDA content decreased after shading, the soluble sugar and soluble protein content increased respectively between light intensity 100% -60%, 100% -40% and reduced respectively between light intensity 60% -20%, 40% -20%. The SOD activity, CAT activity decreased after shading, and the POD activity, APX activity reduced between light intensity 60% -40%, raised under 20% treatment. CONCLUSION: 80% 40% irradiance treatment was favorable to the growth of E. wushanense.

[Study on propagation technology of Acanthopanax trifoliatus by cuttings].

OBJECTIVE: In order to obtain substantial clonal plants, we studied the cuttings propagation technology. METHODS: The cutting roots and stems of Acanthopanax trifoliatus were used as plant materials, and different materias, seasons and other conditions for cutting propagation were tested. RESULTS: It showed that the survival rate of stem segments was higher than that of root segments. The test of age of plant materials found that high survival rate could be obtained from semi-lignified stem segments and the segments from the base stem could survive successfully. Autumn was more suitable for plants' survival. Moreover, the rooting rate reached 89.4% by inserting segments with leaves into sand soil after dipping into 1500 mg/L IBA for 10 s, and with plastic membrane and shading net covered. CONCLUSION: The rooting rate can increase significantly by collecting semi-lignified basal stems in autumn, cutting them for leaf cuttings, and inserting them into sand soil after dipping into 1500 mg/L IBA for 10 s.

[Studies on purification of total saponins from the leaves of Acanthopanax trifoliatus by macroporous adsorption resin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the enrichment and purification of total saponins from the leaves of A. trifoliatus. METHODS: Using the total saponins from the leaves of A. trifoliantus as the standard index, we examinad the capability of static adsorption and desorption to select the optimum macroporous adsportion resin. Then we studied the purification technological parameters such as pH value, the dynamic adorption speed of flow, the best type quantity, the eluent density and so on. RESULTS: The optimum purification conditions were as follows: the type of macroporous adsorption resin was AB-8, the pH value of absorbing solution was 5-6, the absorbing velocity of flow was 1.0 mL/min, the concentration of ethanol as elutent was 70%, the proportion of the amount of absorbing solution and resins was 4:1, the proportion of the amount of elutent and resins was 4:1, the eluting velocity of flow was 2.0 mL/min.

[The contents changes of polysaccharides and total flavonoids during flower bud differentiation of Epimedium sagittatum].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic changes of the contents of polysaccharides and total flavonoids Daring flower bud differentiation of Epimedium sagittatum. METHODS: The polysaccharides and total flavonoids from Epimedium sagittatum were extracted by Microwave-assisted method. The content of polysaccharides was determined by anthrone sulphuric acid colorimetry and that of total flavonoids was determined at 270 nm by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The polysaccharides content in leaf decreased during the initial stages of floral bud differentiation and then increased, while the content in stem and fibrous root decreased steadily until floral bud differentiation completed. The content in rhizome kept invariant. In the flower bud physiological differentiation period,the content of total flavonoids in leaf and stem decreased and then kept invariant, while the content in rhizome increased and kept invariant. The content of total flavonoids in fibrous root increased during the initial stages of floral bud differentiation and then decreased. CONCLUSION: The contents of polysaccharide and total flavonoids have relation with the flower bud differentiation of Epimedium sagittatum.