Impact of Clinical Use of Parenteral Lipid Emulsions on Bile Acid Metabolism and Composition in Neonatal Piglets.

BACKGROUND: Neonates with intestinal failure dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) are at risk of intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). PN lipid composition relates to the risk of IFALD, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of soybean oil (SO), a mixed-lipid (ML) emulsion containing fish oil (FO), and a pure FO. We hypothesized FO-containing PN lipids would result in increased gene expression of canalicular bile acid transporters and a larger, more hydrophilic bile acid pool, predictive of increased bile flow. METHODS: Neonatal piglets were allocated to receive 1 of SO, ML, or FO throughout 14 days of PN feeding. Relative expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis and transport were determined through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bile secreted from the liver was collected and measured. Bile acid composition was determined using tandem mass spectrometry. Regression analysis was used to determine predictors of bile flow. RESULTS: PN reduced bile acid secretion (P < .001). FO-containing PN lipids were associated with greater expression of bile acid and organic solute transport genes (P < .05) and greater secretion of hydrophobic bile acids (P < .001). Farnesoid X receptor (P = .01), bile salt export pump (P < .01), multidrug resistant protein 2 (P < .01), and unconjugated hyocholic acid (P < .001) independently predicted bile flow. CONCLUSIONS: PN lipid modulation altered bile acid metabolism and composition. These alterations may explain the hepatoprotective effects of FO-containing PN lipids and support their use in the prevention and treatment of IFALD.

Differential Effects on Intestinal Adaptation Following Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Therapy With and Without Enteral Nutrition in Neonatal Short Bowel Syndrome [Formula: see text].

BACKGROUND: We aim to study the efficacy of exogenously administered glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) on intestinal adaptation in 2 preclinical models of neonatal short bowel syndrome (SBS) according to remnant intestinal anatomy, with and without ileum. Furthermore, we aim to determine if this adaptive effect was potentiated with enteral nutrition (EN). METHODS: Neonatal piglets were block-randomized to 75% mid-intestinal (JI group, retains ileum) or distal-intestinal (JC group, has no ileum) resection or no resection (sham control) and GLP-2 treatment (11 nmol/kg/d) or saline control for 7 days. Piglets received nutrition support, either 100% parenteral nutrition (PN; 0% EN, n = 32 in total) or 80% PN + 40% EN (n = 28 in total). Adaptation was assessed by morphological and histological changes, as well as RT quantitative polymerase chain reaction of nutrient transporters and tight junctional proteins and fat absorption. Data are analyzed by 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and 2-way ANOVA per EN level. RESULTS: GLP-2 treatment lengthened villi, deepened crypts, and improved intestinal weight in the remnant intestine of JC piglets. EN was a more potent adaptive stimulus for JI piglets. Small intestinal lengthening occurred only in the JI group, when given EN. There was no difference in total fat absorption and messenger RNA expression of nutrient transporters and tight junctional proteins. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-2 administration augmented structural adaptation in JC piglets with distal intestinal resection. Given JI anatomy, further stimulation by GLP-2 treatment over innate adaptation and stimulation by EN was modest and restricted to ileum. The differential effect of GLP-2 in neonatal SBS, depending on remnant anatomy, has important implications for clinical translation and planning of clinical trials.