Xylopia aethiopica Seeds from Two Countries in West Africa Exhibit Differences in Their Proteomes, Mineral Content and Bioactive Phytochemical Composition.

Aside from its multiple medicinal uses, the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica is widely used in Africa as food. Herein, we characterize the protein profiles, mineral content and bioactive phytochemical composition of the seeds of this plant sourced in Ghana and Nigeria. Using label-free proteomics, a total of 677 proteins were identified, with 260 found in the Ghana-sourced samples while 608 proteins were detected in the samples from Nigeria. However, 114 proteins were common between the samples from the two countries, among which 48 were significantly changed. Bioinformatics and functional analyses revealed that the differential levels of the proteins were mainly linked to pathways involved amino acids metabolism and biosynthesis. The significantly changed proteins related mainly to catalytic activity and carbon metabolism. The samples from Nigeria also exhibited superior qualities in terms of their antioxidant effects, and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Finally, only the content of Na varied to a statistically significant level. This study lends support to its culinary use and hints towards the impact of location of cultivation on the quality of the seeds. There is however need for further mechanistic investigations to unravel the underlying reasons for the observed differences.

The new plant Parinari kerstingii Engl.: Toxicity studies and anti-inflammatory properties.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Parinari kerstingii Engl. extract is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, bronchopneumonia, feverish pains, and breast cancer. However, there have not been any scientific reports regarding the medicinal properties of this plant, and no experiments have been done to ascertain the safety of the extract. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extracts as an herbal remedy and to investigate its anti-inflammatory potential in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley albino male rats were used in these experiments. 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract (PKWE) were used for a 14 day toxicity study. For the anti-inflammatory studies, the carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to investigate the effect of four fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract [petroleum ether (fraction A), ethyl acetate (fraction B), n -butanol (fraction C) and water (fraction D)] on the paw size of rats and to investigate the inhibitory effects of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water (PKWE) and Parinari kerstingii Engl. ethanol extract (PKEE). RESULTS: The administration of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of body weight doses of Parinari kerstingii Engl. water extract showed no sign of toxicity. However, the 600 mg/kg of body weight dose showed a very significant increase in creatinine concentration. All the fractions of Parinari kerstingii Engl. extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema and by a significant decrease in the production of IL-1, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-кB, and PGE2. Moreover, fraction A and B showed enhanced in vivo anti-inflammatory effects compared to aspirin. Furthermore, PKEE was demonstrated to be more effective than PKWE. CONCLUSION: We present the first report on the plant Parinari kerstingii Engl. Based on our findings, PKWE at a dose of up to 300 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days is considered safe, and our anti-inflammatory results support its traditional use. Overall, Parinari kerstingii Engl. has been demonstrated to be a potential drug candidate. Thus, further experiments, such as isolation/structural elucidation of the phytochemicals and biological screening of this plant, need to be done.