RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The anther cuticle, which is primarily composed of lipid polymers, is crucial for pollen development and plays important roles in sexual reproduction in higher plants. However, the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of lipid polymers in maize (Zea mays. L.) remains unclear. RESULTS: Here, we report that the maize male-sterile mutant shrinking anther 1 (sa1), which is allelic to the classic mutant male sterile 33 (ms33), displays defective anther cuticle development and premature microspore degradation. We isolated MS33 via map-based cloning. MS33 encodes a putative glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and is preferentially expressed in tapetal cells during anther development. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a substantial reduction in wax and cutin in ms33 anthers compared to wild type. Accordingly, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that many genes involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis are differentially expressed in ms33 compared to wild type. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that MS33 may contribute to anther cuticle and microspore development by affecting lipid polyester biosynthesis in maize.
Asunto(s)
Flores/enzimología , Glicerol-3-Fosfato O-Aciltransferasa/metabolismo , Infertilidad Vegetal/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Polen/enzimología , Zea mays/enzimología , Clonación Molecular , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/ultraestructura , Glicerol-3-Fosfato O-Aciltransferasa/genética , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Polen/crecimiento & desarrollo , Poliésteres/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Retrieving literatures in SCI source journals in the recent 5 years through Web of Science and PubMed databases, articles regarding to the treatment of headache with acupuncture are arranged and analyzed. It turns out that (1) the acupoint selection and treatment is not under the guidence of syndrome differentiation in the clinical research literatures published in foreign journals. (2) The clinical research trials published in foreign journals shows that regarding to curative effect, there is no difference between acupuncture group and sham acupuncture group which indicats that the westerners do not grasp the westerners do not grasp the essene of acupuncture techniques owing to the great difference of medical theory and thinking mode between eastern and western, and the western's shallow cognition of TCM and acupuncture. The sham acupuncture trials published in foreign journals with respect to acupuncture for headache cannot highlight the advantage o acupuncture therapy, what's more, the sham acupuncture trial designation is unfit for acupuncture therapy.