Photobiomodulation effects on synovial morphology, iNOS gene, and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate morphological aspects and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation. METHODS: Thirty-six female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: control (saline, n = 12), sham (arthritis, n = 12), and PBM (arthritis and photobiomodulation, n = 12). Arthritis induction was performed with 200 µg of intra-articular Zymosan in sham and PBM animals. PBM was performed 24 h after induction with a laser device (λ = 808 nm, 25 mW of nominal power, fluence of 20 J/cm2, beam area of 0.02 mm2, time of 33 s, total energy of 0.825 J) with punctual and single dose application. Morphological analysis of joint structure (HE) and immunohistochemistry (anti-iNOS antibody) were performed on knee samples, and synovial tissue was submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses were performed with p < 0.05. RESULTS: It was observed an increase in the thickness of the synovial lining epithelium and inflammatory infiltrate in sham compared to PBM. Gene expression analysis showed higher iNOS expression in PBM, and iNOS protein expression decreased in PBM compared to sham. CONCLUSIONS: Photobiomodulation decreased inflammation in PBM animals, upregulated iNOS gene expression, however down egulated protein expression compared to sham.

Photobiomodulation effects on synovial morphology, iNOS gene, and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation

Purpose: To evaluate morphological aspects and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation. Methods: Thirty-six female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: control (saline, n = 12), sham (arthritis, n = 12), and PBM (arthritis and photobiomodulation, n = 12). Arthritis induction was performed with 200 µg of intra-articular Zymosan in sham and PBM animals. PBM was performed 24 h after induction with a laser device (λ = 808 nm, 25 mW of nominal power, fluence of 20 J/cm2, beam area of 0.02 mm2, time of 33 s, total energy of 0.825 J) with punctual and single dose application. Morphological analysis of joint structure (HE) and immunohistochemistry (anti-iNOS antibody) were performed on knee samples, and synovial tissue was submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses were performed with p < 0.05. Results: It was observed an increase in the thickness of the synovial lining epithelium and inflammatory infiltrate in sham compared to PBM. Gene expression analysis showed higher iNOS expression in PBM, and iNOS protein expression decreased in PBM compared to sham. Conclusions: Photobiomodulation decreased inflammation in PBM animals, upregulated iNOS gene expression, however down egulated protein expression compared to sham.

Effect of low power laser in biomodulation of cultured osteoblastic cells of Wistar rats1.

PURPOSE: To analyze aspects of the biomodulating effect of light in biological tissues, bone cells from surgical explants of the femur of rats were irradiated with low intensity laser. METHODS: Bone cells were cultured and irradiated with LASER light (GaAlAs). Growth, cell viability, mineralized matrix formation, total protein dosage, immunostimulatory properties, cytochemical analysis, gene expression of bone proteins were examined using live cell imaging and cell counting by colorimetric assay. The gene expression of: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and osteopontin through the real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: At 8 days, the viability of the irradiated culture was 82.3% and 72.4% in non-irradiated cells. At 18 days, the cellular viability (with laser) was 77.42% and 47.62% without laser. At 8 days, the total protein concentration was 21.622 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 16, 604 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group and at 18 days the concentration was 37.25 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 24, 95 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group. CONCLUSION: The laser interfered in the histochemical reaction, cell viability, matrix mineralization, and maintained the cellular expression of proteins.

Effect of low power laser in biomodulation of cultured osteoblastic cells of Wistar rats

Abstract Purpose: To analyze aspects of the biomodulating effect of light in biological tissues, bone cells from surgical explants of the femur of rats were irradiated with low intensity laser. Methods: Bone cells were cultured and irradiated with LASER light (GaAlAs). Growth, cell viability, mineralized matrix formation, total protein dosage, immunostimulatory properties, cytochemical analysis, gene expression of bone proteins were examined using live cell imaging and cell counting by colorimetric assay. The gene expression of: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and osteopontin through the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: At 8 days, the viability of the irradiated culture was 82.3% and 72.4% in non-irradiated cells. At 18 days, the cellular viability (with laser) was 77.42% and 47.62% without laser. At 8 days, the total protein concentration was 21.622 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 16, 604 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group and at 18 days the concentration was 37.25 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 24, 95 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group. Conclusion: The laser interfered in the histochemical reaction, cell viability, matrix mineralization, and maintained the cellular expression of proteins

Conhecimentos e atitudes de cirurgiões frente aos conceitos de terapia nutricional / Surgeons' knowledge and attitude regarding concepts of nutritional therapy

OBJETIVO: comparar o conhecimento e percepção em terapia nutricional (TN) de residentes de cirurgia e cirurgiões. MÉTODOS: foram aplicados dois questionários padronizados sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e condutas em TN de 50 médicos (35 residentes e 15 cirurgiões) de 12 áreas cirúrgicas distintas. Utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher, com significância de 5% com p<0,05, foi comparada a proporção de acertos, de acordo com a percepção a respeito do assunto de cada grupo. RESULTADOS: mais de 80% não se sentiram seguros frente à TN e 46% negaram conhecimento de equipe multiprofissional de TN (EMTN). Houve maior percentual de acertos, dentre os residentes, nos itens: trauma operatório e sua influência nutricional no paciente (p=0,047); IMC normal (p=0,036); e TN no pré-operatório (p=0,007) e indicação da TN pré-cirúrgico no grupo que diz que interagem com EMTN (p=0,02). Dentre os cirurgiões: complicações da TN e TN em pacientes previamente desnutridos (p=0,044); e Métodos de avaliação nutricional no pré-operatório no grupo que diz que interagem com EMTN (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: há falhas na educação médica. Apenas 13,3% estavam seguros quanto à TN, sendo que os seus conhecimentos não justificaram tal confiança. Não houve diferenças entre os acertos dos confiantes e não confiantes em TN na maioria dos assuntos. Destacaram-se melhores resultados no grupo que afirmou ser assistido por alguma EMTN. Baseando-se nos resultados, a indicação de melhores programas médicos educacionais deve ser objetivo para esta universidade.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the knowledge of nutritional therapy (NT) of surgery residents and surgeons. METHODS: We applied two standardized questionnaires on knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding NT to 50 physicians (35 residents and 15 surgeons) of 12 different surgical areas. We compared the proportions of hits according to the perception on the subject of each group using the Fisher exact test, with 5% significance and p < 0.05. RESULTS: More than 80% did not feel safe regarding NT and 46% denied knowledge of the NT multidisciplinary team (NTMT). There was a higher percentage of correct answers among residents in the items: surgical trauma and its nutritional influence on the patient (p = 0.047); normal BMI (p = 0.036); preoperative NT (p = 0.007); and indication of preoperative NT in the group that referred that to interact with the NTMT (p = 0.02). Among surgeons: complications of NT and NT in previously malnourished patients (p = 0.044); and methods for assessing preoperative nutritional status in the group that referred to interact with the NTMT (p =0.01). CONCLUSION: there are gaps in medical education. Only 13.3% were confident about NT, and their knowledge did not justify such confidence. There were no differences between the successes of confident and non-confident about NT in most subjects. The best results came from the group that claimed to be assisted by any NTMT. Better medical educational programs should be goal for this university.

Effect of copaiba oil on correction of abdominal wall defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the correction of abdominal defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in rats. METHODS: A defect in the abdominal wall was created and corrected with polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in 36 rats. They were randomly distributed into three groups: control, copaiba by oral administration (gavage) and copaiba oil dip in the mesh. Euthanasia was performed after seven, 14 and 21 post-operative days. The healing process was analyzed regarding the meshes and macroscopic and microscopic aspects. RESULTS: All animals had abdominal adhesions, which were smaller in the copaiba (gavage) group (p<0.05). In microscopy, all animals had an acute inflammation stage and the inflammatory response was best characterized by foreign body-type granulomas around the mesh fragments, which was not found in the mesh fragments within the copaiba dip group. There was a greater area of necrosis and fibrosis in the copaiba dip group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The copaiba (gavage) group had a greater quantity of collagen fibers compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Copaiba oil administered by gavage decreased the amount of abdominal adhesions, besides accelerating the process of collagen fibers formation, without damages within the early stages of healing. However, when used by dip directly on the mesh, it had corrosive effects compromising the healing process of the abdominal wall.

Effect of copaiba oil on correction of abdominal wall defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the correction of abdominal defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in rats. METHODS: A defect in the abdominal wall was created and corrected with polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in 36 rats. They were randomly distributed into three groups: control, copaiba by oral administration (gavage) and copaiba oil dip in the mesh. Euthanasia was performed after seven, 14 and 21 post-operative days. The healing process was analyzed regarding the meshes and macroscopic and microscopic aspects. RESULTS: All animals had abdominal adhesions, which were smaller in the copaiba (gavage) group (p<0.05). In microscopy, all animals had an acute inflammation stage and the inflammatory response was best characterized by foreign body-type granulomas around the mesh fragments, which was not found in the mesh fragments within the copaiba dip group. There was a greater area of necrosis and fibrosis in the copaiba dip group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The copaiba (gavage) group had a greater quantity of collagen fibers compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Copaiba oil administered by gavage decreased the amount of abdominal adhesions, besides accelerating the process of collagen fibers formation, without damages within the early stages of healing. However, when used by dip directly on the mesh, it had corrosive effects compromising the healing process of the abdominal wall.

Surgeons' knowledge and attitude regarding concepts of nutritional therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the knowledge of nutritional therapy (NT) of surgery residents and surgeons. METHODS: We applied two standardized questionnaires on knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding NT to 50 physicians (35 residents and 15 surgeons) of 12 different surgical areas. We compared the proportions of hits according to the perception on the subject of each group using the Fisher exact test, with 5% significance and p < 0.05. RESULTS: More than 80% did not feel safe regarding NT and 46% denied knowledge of the NT multidisciplinary team (NTMT). There was a higher percentage of correct answers among residents in the items: surgical trauma and its nutritional influence on the patient (p = 0.047); normal BMI (p = 0.036); preoperative NT (p = 0.007); and indication of preoperative NT in the group that referred that to interact with the NTMT (p = 0.02). Among surgeons: complications of NT and NT in previously malnourished patients (p = 0.044); and methods for assessing preoperative nutritional status in the group that referred to interact with the NTMT (p =0.01). CONCLUSION: there are gaps in medical education. Only 13.3% were confident about NT, and their knowledge did not justify such confidence. There were no differences between the successes of confident and non-confident about NT in most subjects. The best results came from the group that claimed to be assisted by any NTMT. Better medical educational programs should be goal for this university.

Comparative study of the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats after wound closure using 3-0 nylon suture and N-butil-2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive / Estudo comparativo da cicatrização da aponeurose da parede abdominal anterior com a utilização do fio de poliamida monofilamentar 3-0 e o adesivo N-Butil-2-Cianoacrilato em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats, comparing two different materials for wound closure: 3-0 nylon suture and tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. METHODS: Forty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of material used (suture or adhesive) and the number of days until reoperation (seven or 14 days). After a 4 cm incision in the aponeurosis, 22 rats underwent wound closure using 3-0 nylon suture and the other 22, the tissue adhesive. After seven days, 11 rats from each group were weighed again, submitted to reoperation and then euthanized. The same procedure was carried out after 14 days with the remaining rats. The surgical wound was macroscopically examined, the tensile strength was measured and the tissue edges were histologically examined. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Cox's proportional hazards model. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The animals lost on average 20 g over the period between the two operations. Wound closure was faster using the tissue adhesive. Only one animal, from the tissue adhesive group, had a small abscess with wound dehiscence. With regard to tensile strength, the best results were obtained with the tissue adhesive 14 days after the first surgery. The results of the histological examination showed no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Upon morphological evaluation, the two types of material analyzed in this study (3-0 nylon suture and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, a tissue adhesive) were not significantly different with regard to the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats. Wound closure using the tissue adhesive was faster. Higher tensile strength was observed in the tissue adhesive group 14 days after the first surgery.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o processo de cicatrização da aponeurose da parede abdominal anterior em ratos, comparando dois diferentes materiais de sutura: fio de poliamida monofilamentar 3-0 e adesivo N-butil-2-cianoacrilato. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e quatro ratos Wistar, foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, de acordo com o material de síntese (fio e adesivo cirúrgico) e o tempo de reoperação (7 e 14 dias). Após uma incisão de 4 cm na aponeurose, 22 animais foram submetidos à síntese com o fio de poliamida e os outros 22 animais com o adesivo proposto. Após o procedimento, aguardou-se um período de 7 e 14 dias, quando os animais, 11 de cada grupo, foram novamente pesados e submetidos à eutanásia, sendo realizada a avaliação macroscópica da ferida operatória, mensuração da força de ruptura da parede abdominal e estudo histológico das bordas da incisão. A análise estatística foi realizada através de um modelo de análise de variância e de riscos proporcionais de Cox, considerando significantes valores de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os animais apresentaram uma perda média de 20 g, do dia da operação para o dia da reoperação. A síntese da aponeurose com o adesivo tecidual foi o método mais rápido. Apenas um animal, do grupo adesivo tecidual, apresentou pequeno abscesso local com deiscência de sutura. Com relação à força de ruptura da aponeurose, o melhor desempenho foi do grupo adesivo tecidual, com 14 dias de pós-operatório. Quanto ao estudo histológico, os resultados não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo do processo de cicatrização da aponeurose da parede abdominal anterior mostrou que tanto a síntese com o adesivo N-butil-2-cianoacrilato como com o fio de poliamida monofilamentar 3-0 não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante na avaliação morfológica, enquanto que a síntese com o adesivo foi mais rápida e mais resistente ao teste de força de ruptura no 14° dia do que a síntese com o fio.

Comparative study of the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats after wound closure using 3-0 nylon suture and N-butil-2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive.

PURPOSE: To investigate the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats, comparing two different materials for wound closure: 3-0 nylon suture and tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. METHODS: Forty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of material used (suture or adhesive) and the number of days until reoperation (seven or 14 days). After a 4 cm incision in the aponeurosis, 22 rats underwent wound closure using 3-0 nylon suture and the other 22, the tissue adhesive. After seven days, 11 rats from each group were weighed again, submitted to reoperation and then euthanized. The same procedure was carried out after 14 days with the remaining rats. The surgical wound was macroscopically examined, the tensile strength was measured and the tissue edges were histologically examined. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Cox's proportional hazards model. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The animals lost on average 20 g over the period between the two operations. Wound closure was faster using the tissue adhesive. Only one animal, from the tissue adhesive group, had a small abscess with wound dehiscence. With regard to tensile strength, the best results were obtained with the tissue adhesive 14 days after the first surgery. The results of the histological examination showed no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Upon morphological evaluation, the two types of material analyzed in this study (3-0 nylon suture and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, a tissue adhesive) were not significantly different with regard to the healing process of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall of rats. Wound closure using the tissue adhesive was faster. Higher tensile strength was observed in the tissue adhesive group 14 days after the first surgery.

Histologic evaluation of rats' liver after Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) administration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hepatic effect of Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in rats. METHODS: 60 Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus albinus) were used, weighing between 250 and 350 g. The animals were distributed randomically in 2 groups: GS - animals which received daily 0,1 ml/ 100 g of sacaca herbal extract through gavage, and GA -animals which received daily 0,1 ml/100g of distilled water through gavage. These were distributed in 3 subgroups with 10 animals, according to theirs euthanasia dates, which were 14th, 28th and 56th day of treatment. RESULTS: Architectural alterations were not observed, however when it was analyzed the presence or absence of necrosis, it was observed in 50% of GS28 subgroup and 90% of subgroup. In 50% of the animals from GS28 subgroup and 90% of GS56 subgroup was observed vast degeneration areas and zonal necrosis, regarding center-lobular veins alterations, there were no alterations in any of the groups CONCLUSION: The Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in this experiment caused degeneration and hepatic necrosis, suggesting dose-dependent action.

Histologic evaluation of rats' liver after Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) administration

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hepatic effect of Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in rats. METHODS: 60 Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus albinus) were used, weighing between 250 and 350 g. The animals were distributed randomically in 2 groups: GS - animals which received daily 0,1 ml/ 100 g of sacaca herbal extract through gavage, and GA -animals which received daily 0,1 ml/100g of distilled water through gavage. These were distributed in 3 subgroups with 10 animals, according to theirs euthanasia dates, which were 14th, 28th and 56th day of treatment. RESULTS: Architectural alterations were not observed, however when it was analyzed the presence or absence of necrosis, it was observed in 50 percent of GS28 subgroup and 90 percent of subgroup. In 50 percent of the animals from GS28 subgroup and 90 percent of GS56 subgroup was observed vast degeneration areas and zonal necrosis, regarding center-lobular veins alterations, there were no alterations in any of the groups CONCLUSION: The Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca) herbal extract in this experiment caused degeneration and hepatic necrosis, suggesting dose-dependent action.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar histologicamente os efeitos do infuso, por gavagem, do Extrato Bruto Aquoso Seco (EBAS) do Croton cajucara Benth no fígado de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 60 ratos (Rattus novergicus albinus Wistar), pesando entre 250 e 350g. Os animais foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em 2 grupos: GS - Grupo de animais que receberam 0,1ml/100g do infuso de sacaca, pela via oral e GA - Grupo de animais que recebeu 0,1ml/100g de água destilada, pela via oral. Estes foram distribuídos em 3 subgrupos de acordo com o dia da eutanásia, sendo esta realizada no 14º, 28º e 56º dia, cada um com 10 animais. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, microscopicamente, não houve alterações arquiteturais, porém quando se analisou a necrose hepatocitária, esta esteve presente em 50 por cento do subgrupo GS28 e 90 por cento do subgrupo GS56; as alterações inflamatórias puderam ser observadas tanto no subgrupo GS28 como no subgrupo GS56, sendo que neste último se fez presente em 80 por cento, enquanto que no primeiro em apenas 20 por cento dos animais submetidos ao experimento; 50 por cento dos animais do subgrupo GS28 e 90 por cento dos do subgrupo GS56 apresentaram extensa área de degeneração e necrose focal do hepatócito; em 100 por cento dos animais tanto do GA como do GS não apresentaram qualquer alteração da veia centro-lobular. CONCLUSÃO: O infuso de Croton cajucara Benth (sacaca), nas condições deste experimento, foi capaz de determinar degeneração e necrose hepatocitária, sugerindo que a hepatotoxicidade à sacaca é dose dependente.