Modulation of agronomic and nutritional response of Pleurotus eryngii strains by utilizing glycine betaine enriched cotton waste.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of cotton waste enrichment with glycine betaine (GB) for production of two strains (P9, P10) of king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii). Cotton waste was used as (100%) control (T0 = cotton waste) and augmented with various combinations of GB, (T1 = 2 mmol L-1 , T2 = 4 mmol L-1 , T3 = 6 mmol L-1 , T4 = 8 mmol L-1 and T5 = 10 mmol L-1 ). The response of king oyster to GB was evaluated by earliness, yield, biological efficiency (BE), minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca)), total sugars, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, proximate (crude protein, carbohydrates, crude fibers, ash, fats) content of fruiting body and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis compared with the control substrate (cotton waste). RESULTS: The earliness, yield, and BE were higher as compared to control substrate and increased with an augmentation in the concentration of GB within the cotton waste. Two strains showed (on dry weight basis) 33.9-54.9 mg g-1 nitrogen, 6.8-12.5 mg g-1 phosphorus, 16.9-25.1 mg g-1 potassium, 40.5-64.2 mg kg-1 Zn, 17.1-37.3 mg kg-1 Cu, 1174-1325 mg kg-1 Mg, 20.1-29.1 mg kg-1 Mn, 129-265 mg kg-1 Fe, 779-835 mg kg-1 Ca), 6.3%-11.3% total sugars, 7.3-14.9 °Brix total soluble solids, 2.1-7.3% reducing sugars, 10.4-18.1% crude protein, 3.6-4.4% crude fiber and 5.6-16.7 mg (100 g)-1 on various concentration of GB enrich cotton waste. Cotton waste enriched with GB significantly affected nutritional profile of king oyster mushroom. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that GB enriched cotton waste can be used as an innovative substrate to enhance the yield and quality of king oyster mushroom. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: emerging therapeutic strategies based on pathophysiologic phases of the injury.

Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of neonatal death and disability. At present, there is no unified standard and specialized treatment method for neonatal HIE. In clinical practice, we have found that a gap remains between preclinical medical research and clinical application in the treatment of neonatal HIE. To promote an organic combination of preclinical research and clinical application, we propose the different phases as intervention targets, based on the pathophysiologic changes in phases I, II, and III of neonatal HIE; moreover, we suggest transformative medicine as a principle that may improve the therapeutic effect by blocking the progression of the disease to an irreversible stage. For instance, in phase I, mild hypothermia, free radical scavenger (erythropoietin, hydrogen-rich saline), excitatory amino acid receptor blocker, and neuroprotective agents should be administered to neonates with moderate/severe HIE; in phase II, following phase I treatment, anti-inflammatory agents, neuroprotective or nerve regeneration agents, and stem cell transplantation should be administered to patients; in phase III, anti-inflammatory agents, neuroprotective or nerve regeneration agents, and stem cell transplantation should be administered to patients. As soon as the patient's condition has stabilized, acupuncture, massage, and rehabilitation training should be performed. Following further study of stem cells, stem cell transplantation is expected to become the most promising therapeutic candidate for treatment of severe neonatal HIE with its sequelae.

[Drinking behaviors of adults at different time of day in four cities of China in summer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the drinking behaviors of adults at different time of day in four cities of China in summer. METHODS: A total of 1483 adults aged 18 - 60 years old from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method. The information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement. RESULTS: The proportion (97% - 99%) and mean (290 - 471 ml) of drinking water of subjects after breakfast, lunch and supper are higher than other time of day (P < 0.01). The distribution of plain water, tea, beverages at different time of day was the same as total drinking water. Among three periods a day, the amount of drinking water in the morning (719 ml/d) was the most, followed by in the afternoon (539 ml/d), and the least in the evening (417 ml/d), the difference was statistically significant (F = 972.55, P < 0.01). The highest consumption of plain water and beverages were in the morning. The consumption of tea in the morning was close to it in the afternoon and higher than that in the evening (t = -52.13, P < 0.01). The average daily drinking water in mealtime was 240 ml, while non-mealtime was 1436 ml, so the difference was statistically significant. Beverages in non-mealtime were higher than mealtime while plain water in non-meal time was higher than meal time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The highest consumption of drinking was plain water among three periods a day, and beverages were higher in mealtime while plain water higher in non-mealtime.

Fluid intake of adults in four Chinese cities.

To investigate the fluid intake and knowledge on water and health in Chinese adults, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of adequate water intake values for people in China. A total of 1,483 adults aged 18-60 years were selected from four provincial capital cities using a multiple-stage random sampling method. The information on the amounts and types of daily fluid intake was collected using a 24-h fluid intake record for 7 consecutive days. Trained interviewers used a questionnaire to assess knowledge on water. The median of daily total fluid intake was 1,488 mL, with a wide range from 86 mL to 7,036 mL. Significant differences were found for fluid intake among the four cities. The medians of daily intakes of plain water, tea, and beverages were 786 mL, 109 mL, and 186 mL, respectively. Approximately 32% of the subjects drank less water than the amount recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society (1,200 mL/day) and 71.6% of participants lacked knowledge of these recommendations. Moreover, 48.3% of them drank water only when they felt thirsty.