RESUMEN
Ginseng is widely regarded as a panacea in Oriental medicine mainly due to its immunomodulatory activity. We previously found that sulfur fumigation, a commonly used pesticidal and anti-bacterial processing practice, weakened the immunomodulatory activity of ginseng. However, if and how sulfur fumigation affects the polysaccharides in ginseng, the crucial components contributing to the immunomodulatory function, remain unknown. Here we report that polysaccharides extracted from sulfur-fumigated ginseng (SGP) presented different chemical properties with polysaccharides extracted with non-fumigated ginseng (NGP), particularly increased water extraction yield and decreased branching degree. SGP had weaker immunomodulatory activity than NGP in immunocompromised mice, as evidenced by less improved immunophenotypes involving body weight, immune organ indexes, white blood cells, lymphocyte cell populations and inflammation. The different immunomodulatory activities were accompanied by changes in the interaction between the polysaccharides and gut microbiota, in which SGP stimulated the growth of different bacteria but produced less SCFAs as compared to NGP. Fecal microbiota transplantation experiment suggested that gut microbiota played a central role in causing the weakened immunomodulatory activity in vivo. This study provides definite evidence that sulfur fumigation affects the chemistry and bioactivity of ginseng polysaccharides, thereby contributing to understanding how sulfur fumigation weakens the immunomodulatory activity of ginseng.
Asunto(s)
Panax , Ratones , Animales , Panax/química , Fumigación , Azufre/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Extractos VegetalesRESUMEN
Cassiae Semen (CS), the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. and C. tora L, have a long medicinal history in China, with suggestions for it to relieve constipation and exert hepatoprotective effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were used to study the hepatoprotective effects of CS. The relationship between gut microbiota and hepatoprotective effect mechanisms mediated by CS extracts, the total aglycone extracts of CS, rubrofusarin-6-ß-gentiobioside, and aurantio-obtusin were examined. Our data indicate that CS extracts and components confer a protective effect by ameliorating lipid accumulation, intestinal barrier damage, liver damage, and inflammation on HFD-induced liver injury. Meanwhile, fecal microbe transplantation exerted the pharmacological effect of CS on HFD-fed mice; however, the efficacy of CS was inhibited or eliminated by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. In conclusion, the therapeutic effects of CS on NAFLD were closely related to the gut microbiota, suggesting a role for TCM in treating disease.
Asunto(s)
Cassia/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Extractos Vegetales/química , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Distribución Aleatoria , Semillas/químicaRESUMEN
An UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously determine complanatoside A and complanatoside B in rat plasma with rutin as the internal standard and applied to examine the effect of salt-processing on pharmacokinetics of these two flavonoid glycosides. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using DAS 3.2.6 and subjected to independent sample t-test with SPSS 23.0. No significant difference in T_(max) of complanatoside B was observed between the raw and processed groups; however, in the processed group, C_(max) and AUC_(0-12 h) of complanatoside B increased obviously(P<0.05), while MRT_(0-12 h) decreased from(3.34±0.44) h to(1.81±0.36) h(P<0.05). C_(max) [(14.72±11.13) µg·L~(-1)] and MRT_(0-24) [(3.93±0.26) h] of complanatoside A in the raw group were statistically different from those [(35.64±21.99) µg·L~(-1),(1.43±0.24) h] in the processed group(P<0.05). As a result, salt-processing can facilitate the in vivo adsorption and accelerate the excretion of complanatoside A and complanatoside B.
Asunto(s)
Planta del Astrágalo , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía Liquida , Glicósidos , Ratas , SemenRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Farfarae Flos (FF; dried flower buds of Tussilago farfara L.), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is also known as "Kuandonghua" (Chinese: ). It has a wide range of pharmacological effects and has long been used to treat various respiratory conditions including cough, asthma, and acute or chronic bronchitis. AIMS: This study reviews the current advances in the research on the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Farfarae Flos. Prospects for future investigation and application of this herb are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on FF was collected from both published materials (such as ancient and modern books, Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations, monographs on medicinal plants, and pharmacopoeia) and electronic databases (such as CNKI, SciFinder, WanFang data, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Taylor&Francis, ACS Publications, Wiley, Springer, Europe PMC, EBSCOhost, J-STAGE, and Google Scholar). RESULTS: Approximately 175 chemical compounds, including terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, chromones, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated from FF. This TCM has been reported to produce pharmacological effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, and exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. FF is safe in the traditional dose range, but the potential toxicity due to the emergence of pyrrolidine alkaloids needs to be paid more attention. CONCLUSIONS: FF is a commonly used TCM with pharmacological activities mainly on the respiratory system. This study suggests that the further expansion of the pharmacological effect of FF and in-depth study of its prescription need to be concerned about. The investigations of the role of more active substances and the pharmacokinetics of the hepatotoxic components of FF will help to maximize the therapeutic potential and promote its popularization and application. Meanwhile, it is important to pay attention to pursue research on the similarities and differences between the leaves and the flower buds to find their respective advantages and make rational use of T. farfara L.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicina Tradicional China , Tussilago/química , Animales , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/efectos adversos , Etnofarmacología , Flores , Humanos , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
Angelicae Pubescentis Radix (APR) is a widely used antirheumatic Chinese medicinal herb known as "Duhuo" in China. It has the effects of dispelling wind and removing dampness, diffusing impediment, and relieving pain, and is mainly indicated for rheumatic arthritis with pain in the lower back and knees, and headache. To the best of our knowledge, an attempt is made to provide an up-to-date review on these aspects based on published materials, including ancient and modern books; Master's and doctoral theses; monographs on medicinal plants; the pharmacopoeia of different countries, websites for publication of patent and electronic databases, such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor, CNKI, and Google Scholar. APR, which has a good clinical effect, has been used for traditional Chinese medicine more than 2000 years. Since 1957, a variety of chemical constituents have been reported from the medicinal plants of this herb, mostly coumarins and volatile oil. In the past 30 years, numerous studies have shown that the extracts and compounds isolated from APR showed effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions, also showing well effects on central nervous system, effects on cardiovascular system and deworming activity. In addition, we also present and discuss the botany, traditional medicinal use, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, quality control, future trends and prospects of APR. All this information suggest that future research of APR should be supplemented in the area of pharmacology and toxicology to provide further insight on the clinical use and quality control.
RESUMEN
An UPLC-MS/MS method simultaneously determining contents of quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucose-7-O-ß-D-gentiobioside and sinapic acid in rats' plasma was firstly established and applied to study the effects of processing on pharmacokinetics of Descurainiae Semen's active constituents. Complantatoside A as internal standard,methanol used for protein precipitation,the method was validated according to the instructions of CFDA. Rats' plasma was collected after being oral administrated equal dosage of 60% ethanal extract of raw or processed Descurainiae Semen at different point of time,then the concentrations were determined to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters using DAS 3. 2. 6. And the parameters were analyzed using SPSS 23. 0,meantime the concentration-time curve was drawn.The results showed that processing had no effects on the pharmacokinetics of QGG,but could improve the absorption of sinapic acid and slow down the excretion.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacocinética , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía Liquida , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Basing on chromatographic separation techniques, fifteen aglycones (1-15), including two new anthraquinone aglycones (1, 2) and thirteen known compounds (3-15), were isolated from the small polar fraction of Cassia obtusefolia (petroleum ether extract). Structural elucidations were performed by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of these fifteen compounds were determined. Except compounds 12 (IC50 3.03⯱â¯0.31⯵g/mL, stronger than ascorbic acid, which IC50 was 6.48⯱â¯2.30⯵g/mL) and 13 (IC50 78.40⯱â¯2.39⯵g/mL), the free radical scavenging capacities of other compounds were weak. Compounds 4, 5, 6 and 13 exhibited inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 50.60⯱â¯1.10, 22.57⯱â¯0.07, 60.09⯱â¯1.40, and 80.01⯱â¯2.66⯵g/mL separately, however, all the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were weaker than positive control (acarbose).
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Cassia/química , Semillas/química , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex (the dried bark of Magnolia officinalis), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is also known as 'Houpo' (Chinese: ). Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex has a wide range of pharmacological effects and has been used to treat conditions such as abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, food accumulation, Qi stagnation, constipation, phlegm and fluid retention and cough resulting from asthma. AIMS OF THE REVIEW: The present paper reviews advances in research relating to the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex. Prospects for future investigation and application of this herb are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex was obtained from published materials, including ancient and modern books; PhD and MSc dissertations; monographs on medicinal plants; the pharmacopoeia of different countries and electronic databases, such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor, AGRIS, Europe PMC, EBSCO host, CNKI, WanFang DATA, J-STAGE and Google Scholar. RESULTS: More than 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, including lignans, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and essential oils. The plant has been reported to have pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, as well as antibacterial, anti-tumour, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. CONCLUSIONS: Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex is an essential traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological activities that mainly affect the digestive system, nervous system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. This review summarises its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. These information suggest that we should focus on the development of new drugs related to Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, including specific constituents, so that Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex can exert greater therapeutic potential. Meanwhile, it is important to pay attention to the rational use of Magnolia resources, avoiding over-harvesting which could lead to lack of resources. We should also pursue research on Magnolia substitutes and develop resources such as Magnoliae Officinalis Flos and Magnolia Leaf.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Magnolia/química , Química Farmacéutica , Desarrollo de Medicamentos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/normas , Etnobotánica/métodos , Etnofarmacología/métodos , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/normas , Corteza de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Control de Calidad , Tecnología Farmacéutica/normasRESUMEN
Andrographis Herba (AH), the dry aerial segments of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, is a common herbal remedy with bitter properties in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Although bitterness is one of the features representing Chinese medicine, it has not been implemented as an index to assess the quality and efficacy of TCM because of peoples' subjectivity to taste. In this study, 30 batches of AH with different commercial classifications (leaves, stems, or mixtures of both) were collected. Bitterness of AH was quantified by electronic tongue technology. Meanwhile, chemical compositions were characterized through establishing high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints. The result indicated that the radar curves of the bitterness from different AH commercial classifications displayed different taste fingerprint information. Based on six taste factors, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score three-dimensional (3D) plot exhibited a clear grouping trend (R²X, 0.912; Q², 0.763) among the three different commercial classifications. Six compounds (Peaks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) with positive correlation to bitterness were discovered by a Spearman correlation analysis. Peaks 2, 6, 7, 8 were identified as andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and dehydroandrographolide, respectively. The electronic tongue can be used to distinguish AH samples with different commercial classifications and for quality evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Andrographis/química , Equipo para Diagnóstico , Gusto , Diterpenos/análisis , Glucósidos/análisis , Análisis de Componente Principal , Tetrahidronaftalenos/análisisRESUMEN
References and our previous experiment showed that the contents of glycosides were significantly decreasedï¼while the contents of aglycones were significantly increased after processing of Cassiae Semen.It may be related to its glycosidases or the heating process. In order to investigate the reasons, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) was used to study the effects of these two factors on contents of Cassiae Semen's main chemical components in processing. The results showed that glycoside hydrolases was present in Cassiae Semen and could rapidly hydrolyze glycosides from Cassiae Semen into aglycones in suitable temperature with sufficient water.Howeverï¼it didn't show effect on contents change of main constituents in the procedure of Cassiae Semen processing.The reason for content decrease of glycosides and content increase of aglycones in processed Cassiae Semen was glycoside bond cracking to produce corresponding aglycone at high temperature.This study further provides basis for further revealing of the processing mechanism of Cassiae Semen.
Asunto(s)
Cassia/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Glicósidos/química , Química Farmacéutica , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta PresiónRESUMEN
A new flavonoid glycoside, named complanatoside C (1), and 19 known compounds (2-20) were isolated from an 95% ethanol extract of Astragali Semen by various chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified on the basis of UV, IR, NMR, MS spectroscopic data analysis, and comparison with those in literature, including fifteen flavonoid glycoside (1-15), and six other constituents (16-20), among which compounds 16-19 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Asunto(s)
Planta del Astrágalo/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Glicósidos/análisis , Semillas/química , Estructura Molecular , Fitoquímicos/análisisRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Trichosanthis Fructus (ripe fruits of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms) is an essential traditional Chinese medicine to treat thoracic obstruction, angina, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary heart disease, some cerebral ischaemic diseases, etc. The present report reviews the advancements in research on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Trichosanthis Fructus. Finally, perspectives on future research and its possible directions are discussed. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review provides up-to-date information about the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of Trichosanthis Fructus and discusses the perspectives on future research and possible directions of this traditional Chinese Medicine and its origin plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information on Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms was collected from published scientific materials, including books; monographs on medicinal plants; pharmacopoeia and electronic databases such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor, CNKI and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Approximately 162 compounds, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, nitrogenous compounds and lignans, have been isolated and identified from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms. Numerous studies have shown that the extracts and compounds isolated from these two plants exhibit pharmacological activities, including protection against myocardial ischaemia, calcium antagonist, endothelial cell protection, anti-hypoxic, anti-platelet aggregation, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant. CONCLUSIONS: Trichosanthis Fructus is an essential traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological activities that mainly affect the cardiovascular system. This review summarises its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Future research is needed to clarify the different uses of the seeds, pericarps and fruits. Quality control of investigations of the fruits should be improved, and the potential uses of the flesh, leaves and twigs should be further explored.