RESUMEN
Quantitative real-time PCR is the most sensitive technique for gene expression analysis. Data normalization is essential to correct for potential errors incurred in all steps from RNA isolation to PCR amplification. The commonly accepted approach for normalization is the use of reference gene. Until now, no suitable reference genes have been available for data normalization of gene expression in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks across lactation. In the present study, we evaluated the transcriptional stability of 10 candidate reference genes in milk somatic cells of lactating yak, including ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GTP, MRPL39, PPP1R11, RPS9, RPS15, UXT, and RN18S1. Four genes, RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39, were identified as being the most stable genes in milk somatic cells of lactating yak. Using the combination of RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39 as reference genes, we further assessed the relative expression of 4 genes of interest in milk somatic cells of yak across lactation, including ELF5, ABCG2, SREBF2, and DGAT1. Compared with expression in colostrum, the overall transcription levels of ELF5, ABCG2, and SREBF2 in milk were found to be significantly upregulated in early, peak, and late lactation, and significantly downregulated thereafter, before the dry period. A similar pattern was observed in the relative expression of DGAT1, but no significant difference was revealed in its expression in milk from late lactation compared with colostrum. Based on these results, we suggest that the geometric mean of RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39 can be used for normalization of real-time PCR data in milk somatic cells of lactating yak, if similar experiments are performed.
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Lactancia/fisiología , Animales , Calostro , Femenino , Lactancia/genética , Leche/citología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Embarazo , ARN/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Two new 9,10-seco-cycloartanes, named sphaerophyside SC (1) and sphaerophyside SD (2), together with four known compounds (3-6), were obtained from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Sphaerophysa salsula. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidences. Compounds 3-6 were isolated from the plant for the first time.
Asunto(s)
Fabaceae/química , Glucósidos/química , Homoesteroides/química , Éteres Fenílicos/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Saponinas/química , Semillas/química , China , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Etanol , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Homoesteroides/aislamiento & purificación , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Éteres Fenílicos/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The study is to explore the possible relationship between the level of trace element zinc in serum and periodontitis with Kidney deficiency. The level of serum zinc in 40 cases of periodontitis and in 19 normal controls was examined by atomic absorption spectrum analysis. The results indicated that there was only a descending trend of serum zinc in periodontitis group as compared with normal group. But further analysis revealed that according to the severity of periodontitis and the theory of Syndrome differentiation in TCM, it showed that the drop of serum zinc had not only a negative correlation with the severity of periodontitis, but also was co-related to whether there was Kidney deficiency or not. Serum zinc of periodontitis with Kidney Deficiency group was significantly lower than that of normal control group as well as the group of periodontitis without Kidney deficiency (P < 0.05). The data suggested that the decline of serum zinc level is closely related to the occurring and development of periodontitis with Kidney Deficiency.