Meeting the complex challenge of health and social care provision for rapidly-ageing populations: introducing the concept of "avoidable displacement from home".

The increasing numbers of people at very old ages pose specific policy challenges for health and social care and highlight the need to rethink established models of service provision. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of "avoidable displacement from home" (ADH). The study argues that ADH builds on and adds value to existing concepts, offering a holistic, person-centered framework for integrated health and social care provision for older people. It also demonstrates that this framework can be applied across different levels, ranging from macro policymaking to organizational and individual decision-making. The paper pays attention to the Brazilian context but argues that ADH is a universally applicable concept.

Meeting the complex challenge of health and social care provision for rapidly-ageing populations: introducing the concept of "avoidable displacement from home" / O enfrentamento do desafio complexo da prestação de serviços de saúde e sociais para populações com envelhecimento rápido: a introdução do conceito de "deslocamento residencial evitável" / Resolver el complejo desafío para la salud y atención social en poblaciones que envejecen rápidamente: introduciendo el concepto de "desplazamiento evitable desde el hogar"

Abstract: The increasing numbers of people at very old ages pose specific policy challenges for health and social care and highlight the need to rethink established models of service provision. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of "avoidable displacement from home" (ADH). The study argues that ADH builds on and adds value to existing concepts, offering a holistic, person-centered framework for integrated health and social care provision for older people. It also demonstrates that this framework can be applied across different levels, ranging from macro policymaking to organizational and individual decision-making. The paper pays attention to the Brazilian context but argues that ADH is a universally applicable concept.

Resumo: O número crescente de indivíduos muito idosos cria desafios específicos para as políticas de assistência social e de saúde. Os desafios incluem a necessidade de repensar os modelos assistenciais atuais. O artigo tem como objetivo principal introduzir o conceito de "deslocamento residencial evitável" (DRE). Argumentamos que o conceito de DRE elabora e contribui para os conceitos existentes, oferecendo um arcabouço holístico e centrado na pessoa para a assistência de saúde e social para os idosos. Demonstramos que esse arcabouço pode ser aplicado em diversos níveis, desde a formulação de políticas macro até as decisões organizacionais e individuais. O artigo aborda particularmente o contexto, mas sustenta que o DRE é um conceito universalmente aplicável.

Resumen: Un número creciente de personas con edad muy avanzada plantea desafíos específicos para las políticas de salud y atención social. Esto implica la necesidad de repensar los modelos establecidos de provisión de servicios. El objetivo principal de este artículo es introducir el concepto de "desplazamiento evitable del hogar" (DEH). Nosotros planteamos que el DEH se basa y añade valor a conceptos existentes, ofreciendo un marco de trabajo holístico, centrado en la persona para la provisión integrada de salud y atención social a personas mayores. Demostramos que este marco de trabajo se puede aplicar a través de diferentes niveles, que van desde la elaboración de políticas macro a la adopción de decisiones por parte de organizaciones e individuos. Este trabajo fija su atención en particular sobre el contexto brasileño, pero plantea que el DEH es un concepto aplicable universalmente.

Factors Associated with the Use of Meditation, U.S. Adults 2017.

Objectives: Relatively little is known about who uses various types of meditation or how health problems and health care barriers might simultaneously impact its use. This article describes the current prevalence of meditation and identifies significant individual and health system-related factors associated with its use. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey analyzed in 2019. Setting/Location: United States. Subjects: The adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Outcome measures: Self-reported use of any type of meditation in past year (mantra, mindfulness, spiritual, guided imagery, and progressive relaxation) or as part of yoga or t'ai chi practice. Control variables included demographic characteristics, health status, risk behaviors, and health system-related factors (self-reported barriers and facilitators to health care access) hypothesized to be associated with greater meditation use. Results: Over 46 million people (19% of the adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population) currently practice some type of meditation. Three main factors predict meditation use: the presence of a health problem (chronic disease, pain, anxiety/depression, and sleeping problems), cost or access barriers to conventional medical care, and individual characteristics (younger age, female sex, and sexual minority status). Conclusions: Meditation is one of the most common forms of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States today. While its health benefits are still emerging, public health practitioners and clinicians should be aware of the increasing use of these therapies to treat common health problems, their relatively low prevalence among some groups that might benefit from them (such as older people, those with less healthy lifestyles, and men), and their higher use among those who face barriers to obtaining conventional care.

National Estimates of Genetic Testing in Women With a History of Breast or Ovarian Cancer.

Purpose In the United States, 3.8 million women have a history of breast (BC) or ovarian cancer (OC). Up to 15% of cases are attributable to heritable mutations, which, if identified, provide critical knowledge for treatment and preventive care. It is unknown how many patients who are at high risk for these mutations have not been tested and how rates vary by risk criteria. Methods We used pooled cross-sectional data from three Cancer Control Modules (2005, 2010, 2015) of the National Health Interview Survey, a national in-person household interview survey. Eligible patients were adult females with a history of BC and/or OC meeting select 2017 National Comprehensive Cancer Network eligibility criteria on the basis of age of diagnosis and family history. Outcomes included the proportion of individuals reporting a history of discussing genetic testing with a health professional, being advised to undergo genetic testing, or undergoing genetic testing for BC or OC. Results Of 47,218 women, 2.7% had a BC history and 0.4% had an OC history. For BC, 35.6% met one or more select eligibility criteria; of those, 29.0% discussed, 20.2% were advised to undergo, and 15.3% underwent genetic testing. Testing rates for individual eligibility criteria ranged from 6.2% (relative with OC) to 18.2% (diagnosis ≤ 45 years of age). For OC, 15.1% discussed, 13.1% were advised to undergo, and 10.5% underwent testing. Using only four BC eligibility criteria and all patients with OC, an estimated 1.2 to 1.3 million individuals failed to receive testing. Conclusion Fewer than one in five individuals with a history of BC or OC meeting select National Cancer Comprehensive Network criteria have undergone genetic testing. Most have never discussed testing with a health care provider. Large national efforts are warranted to address this unmet need.

Primary care performance in Dominica.

OBJECTIVE: To document the structure and functions of primary care (PC) in the country of Dominica using the Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT), a set of questionnaires that evaluate PC functions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study combined data from two surveys. The systems PCAT (S-PCAT) survey gathered national-level data from key informants about health system characteristics and PC performance. The provider version (P-PCAT) survey collected data on PC performance from health providers (nurses and physicians) at all PC facilities in the country. Provider-level data were aggregated to obtain national and district-level results for PC domains scored from 0.00 (worst) to 1.00 (best). RESULTS: From the systems perspective, results showed several knowledge gaps in PC policy, financing, and structure. Key informants gave “Good” (adequate) ratings for “first-contact” care (0.74), continuity of care (0.77), comprehensive care (0.70), and coordinated care (0.78); middling scores for family-centered care and community-oriented care (0.65); and low scores for access to care (0.57). PC providers assessed access to care (which included “first-contact” care, in the P-PCAT surveys) (0.84), continuity of care (0.86), information systems (0.84), family-centered care (0.92), and community-oriented care (0.85) as “Very Good”; comprehensive care as “Good” (0.79); and coordinated care as “Reasonable” (0.68). Overall, the scores for the country's health districts were good, although the ratings varied by specific PC domain. CONCLUSIONS: The assessments described here were carried out with relatively little expense and have provided important inputs into strategic planning, strategies for improving PC, and identification of priority areas for further investigation. This two-staged approach could be adapted and used in other countries.

Measuring the degree of integrated tuberculosis and HIV service delivery in Cape Town, South Africa.

To address the considerable tuberculosis (TB)/HIV co-infected population in Cape Town, a number of clinics have made an effort of varying degrees to integrate TB and HIV services. This article describes the development of a theory-based survey instrument designed to quantify the extent to which services were integrated in 33 clinics and presents the results of the survey. Using principal factor analysis, eight factors were extracted and used to make comparisons across three types of clinics: co-located TB and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services, clinics with TB services only and clinics with ART only. Clinics with co-located services scored highest on measures related to integrated TB/ART service delivery compared to clinics with single services, but within group variability was high indicating that co-location of TB and ART services is a necessary but insufficient condition for integrated service delivery. In addition, we found almost all clinics with only TB services in our sample had highly integrated pre-ART services, suggesting that integration of these services across a large number of clinics is feasible and acceptable to clinic staff. TB clinics with highly integrated pre-ART services appear to be efficient sites for introducing ART given that co-infected patients are already engaged in care, and may potentially facilitate earlier access to treatment and minimize loss to follow-up.

Integrated delivery of HIV and tuberculosis services in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

Tuberculosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people with HIV and about a quarter of HIV-related deaths are attributed to tuberculosis. In this Review we identify and synthesise published evidence for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of eight integrated strategies recommended by WHO that represent coordinated delivery of HIV and tuberculosis services. Evidence supports concurrent screening for tuberculosis and HIV, and provision of either co-trimoxazole during routine tuberculosis care or isoniazid during routine HIV care and at voluntary counselling and testing centres. Although integration of antiretroviral therapy into tuberculosis care has shown promise for improving health outcomes for patients, evidence is insufficient to make conclusive claims. Evidence is also insufficient on the accessibility of condoms at tuberculosis facilities, the benefits of risk reduction counselling in patients with tuberculosis, and the effectiveness of tuberculosis infection control in HIV health-care settings. The vertical response to the tuberculosis and HIV epidemics is ineffective and inefficient. Implications for policy makers and funders include further investments in implementing integrated tuberculosis and HIV programmes with known effectiveness, preferably in a way that strengthens health systems; evaluative research that identifies barriers to integration; and research on integrated strategies for which effectiveness, efficiency, and affordability are not well established.

Trends in primary health care-sensitive conditions in Brazil: the role of the Family Health Program (Project ICSAP-Brazil).

BACKGROUND: This study describes trends in hospital admission rates for primary healthcare-sensitive conditions (PHCSC) in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of increased primary healthcare availability through the implementation of the Family Health Program (FHP) on PHCSC admissions rates at the national, regional, and state-levels between 1999 and 2007. RESEARCH DESIGN: An ecologic panel data study was used and a fixed effects multivariate negative binomial model was used to estimate the association of PHCSC admission rate and FHP controlling for other relevant covariates. RESULTS: It was shown that, at the national level, PHCSC hospital admissions declined by 24%-over 2.5 times more rapidly than the decline in hospitalizations for all other (non-PHCSC) conditions. Greater reductions in the PHCSC admission rates when compared with the non-PHCSC admission rates were also observed when the data were divided by regions and states. Regression models showed that at the state level the greater the FHP coverage, the less was the PHCSC hospital admissions even when controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have important implications for the healthcare model in countries that base their national health systems on primary healthcare. This is the first study to evaluate the association between FHP coverage and PHCSC admissions rates in all the Brazilian states over a long and relevant period for the consolidation of FHP in the country.

[Renewing primary health care in the Americas]. / La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44. R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.

La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas / Renewing primary health care in the Americas

El documento "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO" es fruto del mandato de los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el fortalecimiento de la APS, definido por la resolución CD44.R6 del Consejo Directivo en 2003. Dicho mandato culminó con la Declaración de Montevideo, un compromiso de todos los gobiernos de las Américas para renovar la APS, entendida como la base de los sistemas de salud de la Región. Los resultados científicos demuestran que la APS es un componente clave para alcanzar la efectividad de los sistemas de salud y puede adaptarse a los diversos contextos sociales, culturales y económicos de los diferentes países. El nuevo contexto mundial hace que cambien las necesidades en salud de la población, por lo que es necesario adaptar los servicios y sistemas de salud para que puedan dar una respuesta adecuada a esas nuevas necesidades. Rescatando el legado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud, celebrada en Alma-Ata (Kazajstán, antigua Unión Soviética) en 1978, la OPS propone un conjunto de líneas estratégicas esenciales para adoptar sistemas de salud basados en la APS, construidos sobre los valores de la equidad, la solidaridad y el derecho a gozar del grado máximo de salud posible. El objetivo principal de las líneas estratégicas propuestas es desarrollar o fortalecer los sistemas de salud basados en la APS en toda la Región de las Américas. Esto requerirá un esfuerzo considerable de los profesionales de la salud, los ciudadanos, los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y las agencias de cooperación. Se exponen las líneas estratégicas que deben establecerse a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44.R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.