RESUMEN
Gynura procumbens is a medicinal herb that contains bioactive compounds that can relieve coughs and prevent liver cancer. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was suggested as one of the techniques that can be used to extract the valuable compounds from the G. procumbens. SFE was widely applied in extracting medicinal ingredients from herbs. However, most of them were performed only at the laboratory scale. Moreover, study to increase the yield performance, economic studies and safety assessments of the SFE process were also performed; however, these tests were conducted individually. Moreover, to date, there is no integration study between all the factors stated for determining the overall performance of SFE with herbs specifically G. procumbens. The integration between all the factors is beneficial because the data on the overall performance can assist in developing the SFE process with G. procumbens at the pilot or industrial scale. Therefore, this study incorporated a multifactor approach to measure the overall performance of the SFE process towards G. procumbens by using a rating and index approach. A summary of factors, such as the solubility of G. procumbens in CO2, operational cost and safety assessment elements, were taken into consideration as the main influences that determine the overall performance index of this study. Iperformance or overall performance of SFE from G. procumbens was successfully assessed and compared with response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, the results from Iperformance exhibit satisfactory solubility values when compared to the optimized value from RSM when considering the lowest operational costs in the safest SFE environment.
Asunto(s)
Asteraceae , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico , Aceites Volátiles , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Extractos Vegetales , SolubilidadRESUMEN
Scaling-up supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants is challenging, especially with the presence of alcohol-water as co-solvent. Hence, the main objective of this study is to validate the scale-up criteria of SFE process for Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), and analyse the extract safety and profitability process at the industrial scale. The study was performed by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with ethanol-water co-solvent at two operating conditions (L1: 200 bar, 60 °C and L2: 262 bar, 80 °C). The solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F) scale-up validation experiments were conducted at both operating conditions with feed mass capacity of 0.5 kg. The extraction yields and overall extraction curves obtained were almost similar to the predicted ones, with error of 5.13% and 14.2%, respectively. The safety of scale-up extract was evaluated by using a toxicity test against zebrafish embryo (FETT). The extract exhibited a low toxic effect with the LD50 value of 505.71 µg/mL. The economic evaluation using a detailed profitability analysis showed that the SFE of P. niruri was an economically feasible process, as it disclosed the encouraging values of return on investment (ROI) and net present values (NPV) for all scale-up capacities.
RESUMEN
A preliminary study was conducted to study the effects of different types and concentrations of co-solvents based on yield, composition and antioxidants capacity of extract prior to optimization studies of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of Labisia pumila (locally referred to as 'kacip fatimah'). The following co-solvents were studied prior to the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technique: ethanol, water, methanol, as well as aqueous solutions of ethanol-water and methanol-water (50% and 70% v/v). By using the selected co-solvents, identification of phenolic acids (gallic acid, methyl gallate and caffeic acid) was determined by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Then, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by using three different assays: total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical-scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). SC-CO2 with 70% ethanol-water co-solvent was superior in terms of a higher combination of phenolic compounds extracted and antioxidants capacity. Overall, SC-CO2 with co-solvent 70% ethanol-water technique was efficient in extracting phenolic compounds from L. pumila, and thus the usage of this solvent system should be considered for further optimization studies.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Fenoles/química , Primulaceae/metabolismo , Solventes/química , Compuestos de Bifenilo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Etanol/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres , Hidroxibenzoatos/química , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Picratos , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , AguaRESUMEN
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre is widely available in Southeast Asian countries and found to have 60% (w/w) sugar components. OPEFB was pretreated using the ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) method and characterised physically by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that there were significant structural changes in OPEFB after the pretreatment step, and the sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis using a cocktail of Cellic Ctec2® and Cellic Htec2® increased from 0.15gg(-1) of OPEFB in the raw untreated OPEFB sample to 0.53gg(-1) of OPEFB in AFEX-pretreated OPEFB (i.e. almost a fourfold increase in sugar conversion), which enhances the economic value of OPEFB. A biohydrogen fermentability test of this hydrolysate was carried out using a locally isolated bacterium, Enterobacter sp. KBH6958. The biohydrogen yield after 72h of fermentation was 1.68mol H2 per mol sugar. Butyrate, ethanol, and acetate were the major metabolites.