RESUMEN
In neurons, entry of extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) into synaptic terminals through Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) Ca(2+) channels is the driving force for exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles. This class of Ca(2+) channel is, therefore, pivotal during normal neurotransmission in higher organisms. In response to channel opening and Ca(2+) influx, specific Ca(2+)-binding proteins associate with cytoplasmic regulatory domains of the P/Q channel to modulate subsequent channel opening. Channel modulation in this way influences synaptic plasticity with consequences for higher-level processes such as learning and memory acquisition. The ubiquitous Ca(2+)-sensing protein calmodulin (CaM) regulates the activity of all types of mammalian voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, including the P/Q class, by direct binding to specific regulatory motifs. More recently, experimental evidence has highlighted a role for additional Ca(2+)-binding proteins, particularly of the CaBP and NCS families in the regulation of P/Q channels. NCS-1 is a protein found from yeast to humans and that regulates a diverse number of cellular functions. Physiological and genetic evidence indicates that NCS-1 regulates P/Q channel activity, including calcium-dependent facilitation, although a direct physical association between the proteins has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to determine if there is a direct interaction between NCS-1 and the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the Cav2.1 α-subunit. Using distinct but complementary approaches, including in vitro binding of bacterially expressed recombinant proteins, fluorescence spectrophotometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and expression of fluorescently tagged proteins in mammalian cells, we show direct binding and demonstrate that CaM can compete for it. We speculate about how NCS-1/Cav2.1 association might add to the complexity of calcium channel regulation mediated by other known calcium-sensing proteins and how this might help to fine-tune neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system.