Avicenna and clinical experiences in Canon of Medicine.

Avicenna used his medical knowledge and experience of scientists from different nations to create a new style in medicine. For this reason, his textbook, Canon of Medicine, has been considered a medical reference in all universities worldwide for centuries. In this article, some valuable and interesting diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine are described in five sections. This research was conducted to review Avicenna's specific clinical observations and interventions in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the keywords "Avicenna" and "Canon of Medicine". In this article, we presented several examples of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine in 5 areas, including semiology, therapeutic strategy, urology, neurology, obstetrics, and gynecology. Canon of Medicine, as a complete medical series containing the medical experiences from different nations and Iranian medical scientists, has influenced the world's medical knowledge for several centuries. Some of Avicenna's clinical and experimental views can be useful from both a historical point of view and new research.

Wet-cupping on calf muscles in polycystic ovary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: Current modalities for treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are not curative and using them for a long period is associated with adverse effects. According to Persian Medicine recommendations, wet cupping on calf muscles can induce menstrual bleeding. In the present study, the effect of wet-cupping (traditional bleeding from capillary vessels) was assessed on menstrual cycles (as primary outcome), hirsutism, and laboratory manifestation of PCOS. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted from 2016/5/21 until 2017/5/20 on 66 PCOS women within the age range of 20-40 years and a menstrual interval of at least 60 days during the last year. Participants' calf muscles were cupped on day 26 of their last menstruation cycle following the Persian Medicine recommendations. They were followed for 12 weeks and a menstruation history and physical examination was done twice (4 and 12 weeks after wet cupping). Insulin Resistance (IR) and Free Androgen Index (FAI) were evaluated at baseline and end of the study. RESULTS: Wet-cupping on calf muscles significantly improved menstrual cycles' frequency 0.37(95% CI: 0.13, 0.51), p-value=0.001 and hirsutism after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention were -1.9 (95% CI: -2.5, -0.5), p-value<0.001 and -1.4(95% CI: -2.1, -0.8), p-value<0.001, respectively. While it was not significant in changing the IR and FAI. About 33% of participants suffered from mild temporary discomforts (which were resolved within a few minutes of rest) and 9% reported mild long-term side effects. CONCLUSIONS: It is considered that wet-cupping on calf muscles can be propounded as an optional treatment of PCOS for those not willing to use chemical medication.