Pretreatment with Pamidronate Decreases Bone Formation but Increases Callus Bone Volume in a Rat Closed Fracture Model.

Clinical concerns have been raised over prior exposure to bisphosphonates impairing fracture healing. To model this, groups of male Wistar rats were assigned to saline control or treatment groups receiving 0.15 mg/kg (low dose), 0.5 mg/kg (medium dose), and 5 mg/kg (high dose) Pamidronate (PAM) twice weekly for 4 weeks. At this point, closed fractures were made using an Einhorn apparatus, and bisphosphonate dosing was continued until the experimental endpoint. Specimens were analyzed at 2 and 6 weeks (N = 8 per group per time point). Twice weekly PAM dosing was found to have no effect on early soft callus remodeling at 2 weeks post fracture. At this time point, the highest dose PAM group gave significant increases in bone volume (+ 10%, p < 0.05), bone mineral content (+ 30%, p < 0.01), and bone mineral density (+ 10%, p < 0.01). This PAM dosing regimen showed more substantive effects on hard callus at 6 weeks post fracture, with PAM treatment groups showing + 46-79% increased bone volume. Dynamic bone labeling showed reduced calcein signal in the PAM-treated calluses (38-63%, p < 0.01) and reduced MAR (32-49%, p < 0.01), suggesting a compensatory reduction in bone anabolism. These data support the concept that bisphosphonates lead to profound decreases in bone turnover in fracture repair, however, this does not affect soft callus remodeling.

Sclerostin antibody enhances bone formation in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis.

Neutralizing monoclonal sclerostin antibodies are effective in promoting bone formation at a systemic level and in orthopedic scenarios including closed fracture repair. In this study we examined the effects of sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) treatment on regenerate volume, density, and strength in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis. Surgical osteotomy was performed on 179 Sprague Dawley rats. After 1 week, rats underwent distraction for 2 weeks, followed by 6 weeks for consolidation. Two treatment groups received biweekly subcutaneous Scl-AbIII (a rodent form of Scl-Ab; 25 mg/kg), either from the start of distraction onward or restricted to the consolidation phase. These groups were compared to controls receiving saline. Measurement modalities included longitudinal DXA, ex vivo QCT, and microCT, tissue histology, and biomechanical four-point bending tests. Bone volume was increased in both Scl-Ab treatments regimens by the end of consolidation (+26-38%, p < 0.05), as assessed by microCT. This was associated with increased mineral apposition. Importantly, Scl-Ab led to increased strength in united bones, and this reached statistical significance in animals receiving Scl-Ab during consolidation only (+177%, p < 0.01, maximum load to failure). These data demonstrate that Scl-Ab treatment increases bone formation, leading to regenerates with higher bone volume and improved strength. Our data also suggest that the optimal effects of Scl-Ab treatment are achieved in the latter stages of distraction osteogenesis. These findings support further investigation into the potential clinical application of sclerostin antibody to augment bone distraction, such as limb lengthening, particularly in the prevention of refracture. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1106-1113, 2018.

Improved union and bone strength in a mouse model of NF1 pseudarthrosis treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and zoledronic acid.

Tibial pseudarthrosis associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an orthopedic condition with consistently poor clinical outcomes. Using a murine model that features localized double inactivation of the Nf1 gene in an experimental tibial fracture, we tested the effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and/or the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA). Tibiae were harvested at 3 weeks for analysis, at which time there was negligible healing in un-treated control fractures (7% union). In contrast, rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-2/ZA groups showed significantly greater union (87% and 93%, p < 0.01 for both). Treatment with rhBMP-2 led to a 12-fold increase in callus bone volume and this was further increased in the rhBMP-2/ZA group. Mechanical testing of the healed rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-2/ZA fractures showed that the latter group had significantly higher mechanical strength and was restored to that of the un-fractured contralateral leg. Co-treatment with rhBMP-2/ZA also reduced fibrous tissue infiltration at the fracture site compared to rhBMP alone (p = 0.068). These data support the future clinical investigation of this combination of anabolic and anti-resorptive agents for the treatment of NF1 pseudarthrosis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:930-936, 2018.

RAP-011 augments callus formation in closed fractures in rats.

ACE-011 is a bone anabolic agent generated by fusing the extracellular domain of the Activin Type 2A receptor (ActRIIA) to an IgG-Fc. The orthopedic utility of ACE-011 was investigated using a murine analogue, RAP-011. Initially, a rat closed fracture model was tested using bi-weekly (biw) 10 mg/kg RAP-011. RAP-011 significantly increased callus length and callus bone volume (BV, +43% at 6w, p < 0.01). The polar moment of inertia was calculated to be substantively increased (+80%, p < 0.01), however mechanical bending tests showed a more modest increase in maximum load to failure (+24%, p < 0.05). Histology indicated enhanced appositional bone growth, but it was hypothesized that reduced remodeling, evidenced by decreased serum CTX (-16% at 6w, p < 0.01), could be compromising bone quality in the callus. A second closed fracture study was performed to examine lower "pulse" [RAP-011(p)] and "sustained" [RAP-011(s)] regimens of biw 0.6mg/kg × 2, 0.35mg/kg × 3 and 0.18mg/kg × 2, 0.1mg/kg × 7 respectively, compared with PTH(1-34) (25 µg/kg/d) and vehicle controls. RAP-011 treatments gave modest increases in callus length and callus BV at 6w (p < 0.01), but did not achieve an increase in maximum load over vehicle. In summary, RAP-011 is effective in promoting bone formation during repair, but optimizing callus bone quality will require further investigation.

In vivo local co-delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 and pamidronate via poly-D, L-lactic acid.

The effects of bone anabolic agents such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have the potential to be augmented by co-treatment with an anti-catabolic such as a bisphosphonate. We hypothesised that the effects of bisphosphonates on BMP-induced bone anabolism would be dose dependent, and we aimed to test this in a small animal model. Agents were delivered locally using a biodegradable poly-D, L-lactic-acid (PDLLA) polymer delivery system. Recombinant human BMP-7 (25 µg) was tested with a range of doses of the bisphosphonate pamidronate (0.02 mg, 0.2 mg and 2 mg local PAM; 0.3 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg thrice-weekly systemic PAM) versus BMP-7 alone. Polymer pellets were surgically implanted in the hind limbs of female C57BL6/J mice (8-10 week) and ectopic bone nodules were harvested at 3 and 8 weeks post-operatively. At 3 weeks, local low dose PAM (0.02 mg) induced a 102% increase in rhBMP-7 induced bone volume (p<0.01) as measured by miroCT, and this was comparable to systemic PAM (0.3 mg/kg thrice-weekly). In contrast, local high dose PAM (2 mg) resulted in a 97% decrease in bone volume (p<0.01). Radiography and histology indicated that the polymer vehicle was still largely present at 8 weeks indicating inefficient biodegradation. This is the first study to validate the utility of local co-delivery of BMP/bisphosphonate via biodegradable polymer and supports the continued refinement of more advanced bioresorbable delivery systems for clinical applications.