RESUMEN
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental to life processes. Complementary computational, structural, and biophysical studies of these interactions enable the forces behind their specificity and strength to be understood. Antibody fragments such as single-chain antibodies have the specificity and affinity of full antibodies but a fraction of their size, expediting whole molecule studies and distal effects without exceeding the computational capacity of modeling systems. We previously reported the crystal structure of a high-affinity nanobody 59H10 bound to HIV-1 capsid protein p24 and deduced key interactions using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We studied the properties of closely related medium (37E7) and low (48G11) affinity nanobodies, to understand how changes of three (37E7) or one (48G11) amino acids impacted these interactions; however, the contributions of enthalpy and entropy were not quantified. Here, we report the use of qualitative and quantitative experimental and in silico approaches to separate the contributions of enthalpy and entropy. We used complementary circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to qualitatively delineate changes between nanobodies in isolation and complexed with p24. Using quantitative techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry alongside WaterMap and Free Energy Perturbation protocols, we found the difference between high (59H10) and medium (37E7) affinity nanobodies on binding to HIV-1 p24 is entropically driven, accounted for by the release of unstable waters from the hydrophobic surface of 59H10. Our results provide an exemplar of the utility of parallel in vitro and in silico studies and highlight that differences in entropic interactions between amino acids and water molecules are sufficient to drive orders of magnitude differences in affinity.