RESUMEN
Proteases, lipase, and chitinase killed Tylenchorhynchus dubius in vitro and in soil. Tylenchorhynchus dubius was more susceptible to the enzymes than Pratylenchus penetrans. Papain was the most effective protease, and other enzymes were less effective. Heating enzymes to 80 C for 10 min greatly reduced nematicidal effectiveness. Scanning electron micrographs showed that papain and chitinase produced structural changes in the cuticle of T. dubius. Lipase removed a thin outer layer. Papain removed material filling the striata, or furrow, between the horizontal bands. When added to soil, chitinase, lipase, collagenase, and proteases (papain and bromelain) decreased motility of T. dubius populations up to 75%. Bromelain was the most active in soil against T. dubius, and collagenase was the most active in soil against P. penetrans.
RESUMEN
Two alcoholics who received social-skills training in ways of refusing drinks reported some success in applying their new skills in actual social situations after they left the hospital.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Alcoholismo/rehabilitación , Terapia Conductista , Conducta Social , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Conducta Imitativa , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Comunicación no Verbal , Desempeño de Papel , Disposición en Psicología , Conducta VerbalAsunto(s)
Terapia Conductista/métodos , Comunicación , Retroalimentación , Relaciones Interpersonales , Adulto , Niño , Consejo , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Práctica Psicológica , Desempeño de Papel , Transferencia de Experiencia en Psicología , Grabación de Cinta de VideoAsunto(s)
Terapia Conductista , Relaciones Interpersonales , Matrimonio , Adulto , Movimientos Oculares , Expresión Facial , Retroalimentación , Femenino , Generalización Psicológica , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Práctica Psicológica , Psicodrama , Habla , Factores de Tiempo , Conducta Verbal , Grabación de Cinta de Video , VozAsunto(s)
Terapia Conductista , Relaciones Interpersonales , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Ira , Ansiedad , Niño , Disfunción Eréctil/terapia , Femenino , Generalización Psicológica , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Parafílicos/terapia , Práctica Psicológica , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente , Psicodrama , Refuerzo Social , Investigación , Autoimagen , Automutilación/terapia , Medio Social , Grabación en Cinta , Transferencia de Experiencia en PsicologíaAsunto(s)
Terapia Conductista , Relaciones Interpersonales , Trastornos Mentales , Psicodrama , Conducta Social , Adulto , Afecto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Juicio , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Comunicación no Verbal , Inventario de Personalidad , Habla , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Grabación en Cinta , TelevisiónRESUMEN
Plant extracts, made by grinding 2 g of fresh tissue in 5 ml of water, were toxic to Tylenchorhynchus dubius and Hoplolaimus spp. Such extracts from leaves and stems of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were most toxic; those from leaves of corn (Zea mays L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense L.) were less toxic; and extracts of bean roots were nontoxic. Nematode movement slowed markedly within 1 hr in tobacco leaf extract, and within 4 hr in bean leaf extract; both extracts completely inactivated or killed 95% of the nematodes in 24 hr. Heating leaf extract 10 min at 80 C eliminated toxicity. Absorption of fusicoccin, a phytotoxin produced by Fusicoccum amygdali Del., increased the toxicity of tomato leaf extracts, whereas water extracts of acetone-extracted powder preparations of leaves were about 15-fold more toxic than water extracts of fresh tissue. Addition of homogenized leaves of bean, tobacco and tomato to soil significantly reduced nematode populations within 3 days.