Omics as a Window To Unravel the Dynamic Changes of Egg Components during Chicken Embryonic Development.

Chicken egg, as a completely aseptic and self-sufficient biological entity, contains all of the components required for embryonic development. As such, it constitutes not only an excellent model to study the mechanisms of early embryo nutrition and disease origin but can also be used to develop egg-based products with specific applications. Different omics disciplines, like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, represent promising approaches to assess nutritional and functional molecules in eggs under development. However, these individual molecules do not act in isolation during the dynamic embryogenic process (e.g., migration, transportation, and absorption). Unless we integrate the information from all of these omics disciplines, there will remain an unbridged gap in the systematic and holistic assessment of the information from one omics level to the other. This integrative review of the dynamic molecular processes of the different chicken egg components involved in embryo development describes the critical interplay between the egg components and their implications in immunity, hematopoiesis, organ formation, and nutrient transport functions during the embryonic process.

Anti-inflammatory Effect and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Peptides from Common Bean (Phaseolus vulga L.) Milk and Yogurts in Caco-2 Mono- and Caco-2/EA.hy926 Co-culture Models.

Naturally occurring dietary peptides derived from gastrointestinal digestates of common bean milk and yogurt were studied for their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and anti-inflammatory activity in both Caco-2 mono- and Caco-2/EA.hy926 co-culture cell models. Anti-inflammatory activities of these peptide extracts were found to be strongly associated with cellular uptake by the intestinal epithelial cells. Mechanisms underlying the cellular uptake were studied by examining the role of peptide transporter 1 and calcium sensing reporter. Three peptides, including γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine, γ-glutamyl-leucine, and leucine-leucine-valine, were found to be transported across the Caco-2 cell monolayer and detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A strong anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the basolateral EA.hy926 cells (co-culture model), as shown in their inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α-induced pro-inflammatory mediators of the nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal cascades. The results suggest that these peptides can be absorbed and possibly have systemic inhibition on inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells, indicating potential preventive effects on vascular diseases.

Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Green Tea Polyphenols.

Tea, leaf, or bud from the plant Camellia sinensis, make up some of the beverages popularly consumed in different parts of the world as green tea, oolong tea, or black tea. More particularly, as a nonfermented tea, green tea has gained more renown because of the significant health benefits assigned to its rich content in polyphenols. As a main constituent, green tea polyphenols were documented for their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticancer, anticardiovascular, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, and antiobesity properties. Recent reports demonstrate that green tea may exert a positive effect on the reduction of medical chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. The health benefits of green teas, in particular EGCG, are widely investigated, and these effects are known to be primarily associated with the structure and compositions of its polyphenols. This Review focuses on the diverse constituents of green tea polyphenols and their molecular mechanisms from the perspective of their potential therapeutic function. Recent advances of green tea polyphenols on their bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and microbiota were also summarized in this article. Dietary supplementation with green tea represents an attractive alternative toward promoting human health.

Oral Immunotherapy with a Phosphorylated Hypoallergenic Allergen Ameliorates Allergic Responses More Effectively Than Intact Allergen in a Murine Model of Buckwheat Allergy.

SCOPE: Buckwheat is a common food allergen frequently consumed in Asian countries, with Fag e 1 and Fag e 2 being the major buckwheat allergens. The purpose of this study is to prepare an oral immunotherapy agent by attenuating these allergens via phosphorylation. The immunomodulatory effects of phosphorylated Fag e 2 (P-Fag e 2) in a mouse model of buckwheat allergy are evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Phosphorylated Fag e 1 (P-Fag e 1) and P-Fag e 2 are prepared by dry-heating in the presence of pyrophosphate. Subsequent dot-blot analysis using serum from food-allergic patient indicates that both proteins exhibit reduced allergenicity upon phosphorylation. Mice subjected to oral administration of P-Fag e 2 for 6 weeks exhibit decreased specific serum IgE and increased specific IgA after Fag e 2 sensitization compared to the sham-treated mice. Moreover, the Peyer's patches (PP) of phosphorylated antigen-fed mice show decreased IL-4 production and induction of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Increased production of IL-6 is observed in the CD11c+ cells isolated from the PPs of P-Fag e 2-fed mice. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that attenuated allergens can suppress Th2-induced allergic responses via induction of Tfh cells, which are regulated by IL-6 secreted from dendritic cells.

The Soy Peptide Phe-Leu-Val Reduces TNFα-Induced Inflammatory Response and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes.

Obesity-induced adipose inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-induced metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In the presence of obesity, hypertrophic adipocytes release inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which enhance the recruitment and activation of macrophages, and in turn augment adipose inflammation. We demonstrate that the soy peptide Phe-Leu-Val (FLV) reduces inflammatory responses and insulin resistance in mature adipocytes. Specifically, the soy peptide FLV inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, MCP-1, and IL-6) from both TNFα-stimulated adipocytes and cocultured adipocytes/macrophages. This inhibition is mediated by the inactivation of the inflammatory signaling molecules c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase (IKK), and the downregulation of IκBα in the adipocytes. In addition, soy peptide FLV enhances insulin responsiveness and increases glucose uptake in adipocytes. More importantly, we, for the first time, found that adipocytes express peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) protein, and the beneficial action of the soy peptide FLV was disrupted by the peptide transporter inhibitor GlySar. These findings suggest that soy peptide FLV is transported into adipocytes by PepT2 and then downregulates TNFα-induced inflammatory signaling, thereby increasing insulin responsiveness in the cells. The soy peptide FLV, therefore, has the potential to prevent obesity-induced adipose inflammation and insulin resistance.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Poly-L-lysine in Intestinal Mucosal System Mediated by Calcium-Sensing Receptor Activation.

Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis and promoting recovery of damaged intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Poly-L-lysine (PL) is a basic polypeptide identified for its role in the activation of CaSR through allosteric binding. The primary goal of the current study was to identify the modulatory effect of PL on intestinal inflammation and to determine whether these effects were mediated by CaSR activation. We used human intestinal epithelial cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, to assess PL anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. We found that PL reduced the IL-8 secretion from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated human intestinal epithelial cell lines. On the other hand, the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß was inhibited by PL supplementation. We subsequently evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PL in vivo using a DSS-induced mouse colitis model. PL supplementation was shown to prevent dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced loss of weight, colitic symptoms, and shortening of colon length but maintained colonic morphology. The pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse colon, including TNF-α, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-17, and IL-1ß, was significantly up-regulated by DSS treatment, but was inhibited upon PL administration. As shown by the results from both in vitro and in vivo studies, the reduction of inflammatory cytokine production caused by PL was reversed by NPS-2143 pretreatment. In the present study, we provide evidence that PL exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the gut system, which is primarily mediated by allosteric ligand activation of CaSR.

ß-1,4-mannobiose stimulates innate immune responses and induces TLR4-dependent activation of mouse macrophages but reduces severity of inflammation during endotoxemia in mice.

ß-1,4-Mannobiose (MNB) has been shown to exert prebiotic activity and modulate mucosal gene expression. In this study, the immune-modulating effect of MNB in healthy and endotoxemic mice and its role in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4-mediated macrophage activation were investigated. Mice were supplemented daily with MNB (0, 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg) for 14 d. To examine the effect of MNB during endotoxemia, mice were supplemented with or without MNB (25 mg/kg) for 14 d, followed by challenge with intraperitoneal LPS or saline. MNB induced expression of both T helper (Th) 1- and Th2-type cytokines in the ileum (P < 0.05) and increased fecal IgA production and splenic NK cell activity (P < 0.05) in healthy mice. In endotoxemic mice, MNB reduced the expression of Tnfa, Il-6, iNos (P < 0.05), and Il-10 (P < 0.05), and reduced LPS-induced weight loss but increased Ifng, Il-12p40, Il-5, and Ifna expression (P < 0.05) and NK cell activity relative to positive control (LPS) mice. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with MNB induced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion (P < 0.05), and this effect was abrogated by inhibiting TLR4, but not TLR2, signaling. Pretreatment of RAW 264.7 cells with MNB induced tolerance to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, reducing TNF-α production (P < 0.05) upon secondary stimulation with LPS or lipoteichoic acid. These results indicate that MNB can modulate intestinal and systemic immune responses in healthy and endotoxemic mice and prevent LPS-induced immune suppression, as well as directly stimulating innate immune mechanisms in vitro as a TLR4 agonist.

Prophylaxis of intranasally induced pollen allergy in a BALB/C mouse model using a potential prebiotic ß-1, 4 mannobiose.

BACKGROUND: Dietary supplementation with unique prebiotic nondigestible carbohydrates has been shown to suppress allergy. In the present study, the prophylactic efficacy of a disaccharide ß-1, 4 mannobiose (MNB) in a BALB/C mouse model of intranasally-induced pollen allergy was characterized. METHODS: Balb/c mice were pretreated with MNB orally and sensitized with pollen extract intraperitoneally and intranasally and challenged with histamine and crude pollen extract. Outcomes were measured as clinical signs, antibody isotypes, cytokine gene and protein expression patterns. RESULTS: The MNB-treated mice had lower sneezing frequency as compared to the positive control mice (P < 0.05). The low dose MNB-treated mice had less histamine (P < 0.05). However, the Cry j1 and Cry j 2-specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody activity did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). The MNB-treated mice had increased IFN-γ (P < 0.05), and decreased IL-4 (P < 0.05). Mice in the high dose group had increased IL-10 (P < 0.05). However, TGF-ß and IL-17 concentration did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Both total and Cry j1 and Cry j 2-specific IgA were increased in the high dose group. Real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that IL-4 and IL-17 mRNA expression were lower in MNB-treated mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This work provides insights into using MNB as a potential prebiotic immunomodulator via decreased clinical signs, improved type1/type 2 balance, and IgA production, thus validating the potential use of MNB as a prophylactic prebiotic candidate to attenuate allergic response.

Therapeutic effects of ß1, 4 mannobiose in a Balb/c mouse model of intranasally-induced pollen allergy.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional prebiotic supplementation represents an attractive approach for interventions of allergy. In this study, the potential therapeutic effect of ß-1, 4 mannobiose (MNB) in a murine model of cedar pollinosis was investigated. METHODS: Groups of Balb/c mice were intranasally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen extract, and subsequently administered with low or high dose MNB. Both intraperitoneal and intranasal challenges were performed to monitor for clinical signs. Frequency of sneezing was recorded. Serum, spleen and Peyer's patches were collected for various biomarker analyses. Anti-allergic activity of MNB using RBL-2H3 cells was also evaluated. RESULTS: Significant decrease in sneezing frequency, histamine, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A and increase in TGF-ß and IL-10 concentration were exhibited by the MNB-treated mice. However, Cry j1 and Cry j 2-specific IgE activity remained unaltered. The high dose MNB treatment increased total IgA activity and IL-10, TGF-ß and FoxP3 and decreased IL-4, IL-17A, and RORγT mRNA expression. Inhibition of activation of RBL-2H3 cells was observed via decrease in histamine, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and FcεRI mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of MNB and conclude that MNB is a potential therapeutic molecular nutritional supplement candidate for treatment of pollen allergy.

Soy-derived di- and tripeptides alleviate colon and ileum inflammation in pigs with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.

We evaluated the antiinflammatory activity of soy-derived di- and tripeptides in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced pig model of intestinal inflammation. In the DSS-positive control (POS) and DSS-positive with soy peptide treatment (SOY) groups (n = 6/group), DSS was administered to piglets via i.g. catheter for 5 d, followed by a 5-d administration of saline or soy-derived peptides, respectively. A negative control (NEG) group received saline in lieu of the DSS and soy peptides. The severity of inflammation was assessed by clinical signs, morphological and histological measurements, gut permeability, and neutrophil infiltration. Local production of TNF and IL6 were measured by ELISA, colonic and ileal inflammatory gene expression were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, and CD4+CD25+ lymphocyte populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Crypt elongation and muscle thickness, d-mannitol gut permeation, colonic expression of the inflammatory mediators IFNG, IL1B, TNF, RORC, and IL17A as well as the FOXP3 T-regulatory transcription factor, and myeloperoxidase activity were lower (P < 0.05) in the SOY pigs than in POS pigs. Messenger RNA levels of ileal IFNG, TNF, IL12B, and IL17A were lower (P < 0.05) and FOXP3 expression was greater (P < 0.05) in SOY piglets than in the POS group. In the mesenteric lymph nodes, CD4+CD25+ T cells were higher (P < 0.05) in both the POS and SOY groups than in NEG controls. Soy-derived peptides exert antiinflammatory activity in vivo, suggesting their usefulness for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

Egg yolk peptides up-regulate glutathione synthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities in a porcine model of intestinal oxidative stress.

Long-term oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to the development of chronic intestinal disorders. Many food-derived antioxidants are effective in vitro, but the variable reports of in vivo efficacy and the pro-oxidant nature of some antioxidants necessitate alternative strategies for the reduction of in vivo oxidative stress. Compounds that up-regulate the production of endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes provide novel approaches for the restoration of redox homeostatis. Egg yolk peptides (EYP) prepared from Alcalase and protease N digestion of delipidated egg yolk proteins were found to exhibit antioxidative stress properties. The effect of EYP supplementation was examined in a hydrogen peroxide-induced human colon cell line and in an animal model of intestinal oxidative stress. EYP significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-8, in Caco-2 cells. In piglets given intraperitoneal infusions of hydrogen peroxide, EYP treatment increased GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA expression and activity, significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, in particular catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities, and reduced protein and lipid oxidation in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Furthermore, EYP boosted the systemic antioxidant status in blood by increasing the GSH concentration in red blood cells. These results suggest that EYP supplementation is a novel strategy for the reduction of intestinal oxidative stress.

l-Tryptophan exhibits therapeutic function in a porcine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis.

Conventional therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have demonstrated limited efficacy and potential toxicity; therefore, there is a need for novel therapies that can safely and effectively treat IBD. Recent evidence has indicated that amino acids may play a role in maintaining gut health. L-tryptophan has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve neurological states. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of L-tryptophan in a porcine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. DSS was administered to piglets via intragastric catheter for 5 days followed by tryptophan administration at 80% of the daily recommended intake. The severity of colitis was assessed macroscopically and histopathologically, and intestinal permeability was monitored in vivo by D-mannitol analysis. The effect of tryptophan on the local expression of key mediators of inflammation and IBD pathogenesis was examined at the protein and gene expression levels. Supplementation with tryptophan ameliorated clinical symptoms and improved weight gain to feed intake conversion ratios. Histological scores and measurements were also improved, and gut permeability was notably reduced in tryptophan-supplemented animals. Moreover, tryptophan reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-12p40, IL-1beta and IL-17, as well as IL-8 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and resulted in increased expression of apoptosis initiators caspase-8 and Bax. These results demonstrate that L-tryptophan supplementation can reduce inflammation and enhance the rate of recovery in DSS-induced colitis and may be an effective immunomodulating agent for the treatment of IBD.

Characterization of heat-induced aggregates of globulin from common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).

Some physicochemical properties and the microstructure of heat-induced aggregates of globulin from common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) (BWG) formed at 100 degrees C in 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 1.0 M NaCl, pH 7.4 were studied. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis shows a re-distribution of native and extensively denatured proteins in the heat-induced aggregates of BWG, particularly in the ISA fraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis suggests the occurrence of both dissociation and association of molecules and the involvement of intermolecular disulfide linkages during thermal aggregation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that native BWG appeared as uniform compact globules with diameters ranging between 11.7 and 12.5 nm. TEM examination of the buffer-soluble aggregates, fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, demonstrates the formation of strand-like small aggregates and large compact globular soluble macroaggregates.

Quillaja saponin can modulate ovalbumin-induced IgE allergic responses through regulation of Th1/Th2 balance in a murine model.

Quillaja saponin is the extract from the balk of a South American tree, and it is considered to modulate immunological responses. We hypothesized that Quillaja saponin may change allergy-associated cytokine profile and antigen-specific immune responses. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Quillaja saponin can suppress ovalbumin (OVA)-induced IgE-mediated allergic responses through promoting a dominant Th1 immune response. The spleen cells from BALB/c mice, which were primed by OVA, were used for an in vitro challenge test. The level of total and OVA-specific IgE, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BALB/c mice were orally administered with saponin for 35 days. The mice were immunized intraperitoneally with OVA on days 14 and 21. After intraperitoneal challenge with OVA on day 35, anaphylactic symptoms were monitored. Total and specific IgE and IgG, specific IgG1 and IgG2a, and histamine levels in serum were analyzed by ELISA. The increase of IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels was observed in the presence of Quillaja saponin, while the IL-4 level was decreased. Furthermore, Quillaja saponin suppressed total and OVA-specific IgE secretion in spleen cells. Balb/c mice that were orally administered Quillaja saponin exhibited lower total and OVA-specific IgE and OVA-specific IgG secretions, whereas total IgG levels remained unchanged. Suppression of OVA-specific IgG1 and an increase of OVA-IgG2a were observed in mice fed saponin. Quillaja saponin also decreased serum histamine levels and diminished anaphylactic symptoms. The present study indicates that Quillajasaponin can suppress allergen-specific IgE-mediated reactivity in a murine model of food allergy, which results from shifting from a Th2-dominated to a Th1-dominated immune response.

Expression and epitope analysis of the major allergenic protein Fag e 1 from buckwheat.

Seeds of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) contain valuable nutritive substances but also allergenic proteins that cause hypersensitive reactions. Thus, the development of hypoallergenic buckwheat would make this important pseudo-cereal available to allergic people. A major allergenic protein of buckwheat is Fag e 1. We isolated the respective cDNA, coding for a 22 kDa protein, from a recently developed autogamous strain of common buckwheat and confirmed its immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding activity using recombinant Fag e 1 and sera of allergic patients. The derived amino acid sequence from Fag e 1 cDNA was used to synthesize an overlapping peptide library on nitrocellulose membranes for the determination of the Fag e 1 epitopes. We identified eight epitopes and the critical amino acids for IgE-binding within the epitopes. This epitope analysis of a major allergenic protein of buckwheat should help therapeutic efforts and aid in the development of hypoallergenic buckwheat.

Chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: a review.

Passive immunization by oral administration of specific antibodies has been an attractive approach against gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens in both humans and animals. Recently, laying chickens have attracted considerable attention as an alternative source of antibodies for the prevention and treatment of infectious GI diseases. After immunization, the specific antibodies (called IgY) are transported to the egg yolk, from which the IgY then can be separated without sacrificing chickens. A chicken usually lays about 280 eggs in a year, and egg yolk contains 100-150 mg of IgY per yolk, suggesting that more than 40 g of IgY per year can be obtained from each chicken through eggs. IgY is also an alternative to antibiotics for treatment of enteric antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Oral administration of IgY has proved successful for treatment of a variety of GI infections, such as bovine and human rotaviruses, bovine coronavirus, Yersinia ruckeri, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Edwardsiella tarda, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. The IgY technology offers great future opportunities for designing prophylactic strategies against infectious GI diseases in humans and animals. However, there is still controversy regarding the stability of IgY through the GI tract. Finding an effective way to protect the antibodies from degradation in the GI tract would open the door for significant advances in IgY technology and nutraceutical applications.