Celiac disease: Pathogenesis, disease management and new insights into the herbal-based treatments.

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten intolerance autoimmune disorder which its symptoms involve the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes the other organs. It is one of the most prevalent health problems rising in many populations as statistics show that in every 100 people about one person is suffering from CD. It has been observed that the persons who genetically contain the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and HLA DQ8 genes involved in the immune system haplotypes are more prone to develop an allergy to gluten. The only treatment currently available for CD is a strict gluten-free diet. However, recent research has shown promising new insights into the herbal-based treatments of CD. New insight on CD is now offering various prospects to manage its treatment, diagnosis, and serving in the development of advanced therapies. Several herbs and botanical extracts have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and gut-healing properties that make them potential candidates for the management of CD. Here, we provide an updated review on pathogeneses and managements of CD. In particular, we summarize the current understandings of herbal-based treatments for CD and highlights their potential benefits.

Cancer chemopreventive effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction isolated from papaya seeds.

Intervention to decelerate, arrest, or reverse the process of carcinogenesis by the use of either natural or synthetic agents individually or in combination has emerged as a promising and pragmatic medical approach to reduce cancer risk. In the present study, we examined the cancer chemopreventive potential of a flavonoid-rich fraction isolated from the seeds of Carica papaya, a plant traditionally referred to as papaw. The flavonoid-enriched benzene fraction of the aqueous extract exerted its anticancer properties in vitro through cytoprotection, antioxidative and antiinflammatory mechanisms and genoprotection in response to isocyanate-induced carcinogenicity. Medium-term anticarcinogenicity and 2-stage skin papillomagenesis studies conducted in benzopyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis and 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-mediated skin papillomagenesis mouse models further validated our in vitro observations. This is the first demonstration of chemopreventive activities of papaya seed products, however, further studies to understand the subtle targets of intracellular signaling pathways, pharmacological profile and toxicological safety of this bioactive fraction are essential to pave the way for successful clinical translation. Our study supports the inverse association between dietary flavonoid intake and cancer risk.