Processing Effect and Characterization of Olive Oils from Spanish Wild Olive Trees (Olea europaea var. sylvestris).

Wild olive trees have important potential, but, to date, the oil from wild olives has not been studied significantly, especially from an analytical point of view. In Spain, the wild olive tree is called "Acebuche" and its fruit "Acebuchina". The objective of this work is to optimize the olive oil production process from the Acebuchina cultivar and characterize the oil, which could be marketed as healthy and functional food. A Box-Behnken experimental design with five central points was used, along with the Response Surface Methodology to obtain a mathematical experimental model. The oils from the Acebuchina cultivar meet the requirements for human consumption and have a good balance of fatty acids. In addition, the oils are rich in antioxidants and volatile compounds. The highest extraction yield, 12.0 g oil/100 g paste, was obtained at 90.0 min and the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 870.0 mg/kg, was achieved at 40.0 °C, and 90.0 min; but the maximum content of volatile compounds, 26.9 mg/kg, was obtained at 20 °C and 30.0 min. The oil yield is lower than that of commercial cultivars, but the contents of volatile and phenolic compounds is higher.

Characterization of the lignocellulosic and sugars composition of different olive leaves cultivars.

Olive leaves are an under valorized residue of olive tree pruning and olive fruit harvesting and that are usually removed by either burning or grinding and scattering them on fields. However, as plant material easily available, they may be used as raw material in biorefineries, or for the industrial manufacture of many diverse products, given their lignocellulosic composition. Like other lignocellulosic biomasses, the composition of olive leaves depends on cultivar and to know it is essential for an adequate use. Therefore, this work tackles a characterization analysis of the lignocellulosic fraction of some olive leaf cultivars, both commercial and wild. In general, the cultivars studied did not show large differences in their quantitative composition, except for the content of ethanolic extractives and cellulose of the commercial and wild cultivars. In addition, the high lignin content (around 15%) is remarkable.

Content of phenolic compounds and mannitol in olive leaves extracts from six Spanish cultivars: Extraction with the Soxhlet method and pressurized liquids.

Olive leaves are considered a promising source of bioactives such as phenolic compounds and mannitol. The extraction of high added value products is an issue of great interest and importance from the point of view of their exploitation. However, the content of these compounds can differ between cultivars and extraction methods. In this work, six olive leaves cultivars, including three wild cultivars, and two extraction processes (an innovative and alternative technique, pressurized liquid extraction, and a conventional Soxhlet extraction) were evaluated and compared towards the selective recovery of bioactive compounds. The wild cultivars showed the highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, being oleuropein the compound present in higher amount. Findings also revealed that the highest mannitol content in the extracts was observed with the commercial cultivars, specifically in Arbequina. It is thus possible to decide which cultivars to use in order to obtain the highest yield of each bioproduct.

Extraction of oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from olive leaves: Optimization of technique and operating conditions.

Olive leaves have become a promising source of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with high added value. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are important sources of antioxidants and bioactives, and one of the processes used to effectively produce them is extraction via solvents, using aqueous ethanol solutions. To obtain the highest extraction yield per kg of biomass, olive leaves were extracted using a conventional technique (dynamic maceration) and an emerging technology, such as pressurized liquid extraction. Studies of the factors that influence these processes were performed: temperature, leaf moisture content, solvent/solid, and aqueous ethanol concentration were optimized using the central composite and Box-Behnken experiment designs. Pressurized liquid extraction resulted in more efficient oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside extraction than dynamic maceration. The operational conditions for maximizing the recovery of phenolic compounds and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were determined to be 190 °C, leaf moisture content of 5%, and aqueous ethanol concentration of 80%.

Endometriosis rectosigmoidea infiltrante profunda. Claves para su diagnóstico / Deep infiltrating rectosigmoid endometriosis. Diagnostic keys

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Estudio comparativo del consumo de aceite de oliva virgen o seje sobre el perfil lipídico y la resistencia a la oxidación de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) del plasma de rata / Comparative study of the consumption of virgin olive oil or seje on lipid profile and oxidation resistance of high density lipoprotein (HDL) of rat plasma

Nosotros comparamos los efectos del consumo de aceite de seje (Oenocarpus bataua), con respecto el de oliva virgen sobre la concentración de los lípidos del plasma y de la susceptibilidad de oxidación in vitro de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) en la rata Sprague Dawley. Dos grupos de 10 ratas macho, fueron alimentados ad libitum por un lapso de 8 semanas, con una dieta purificada que contenía 10g aceite de seje u oliva/100 g de dieta (GS y GO respectivamente). Se extrajo la sangre a los animales previo ayuno de 14 horas. El plasma fue aislado por centrifugación, y las fracciones de lipoproteínas se separaron por ajuste de densidad y ultracentrifugaciones sucesivas. Las HDL de ambos grupos fueron oxidadas por incubación con iones cobre. La diferencia de susceptibilidad de oxidación de las HDL fue estudiada midiendo la formación de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) a las 3 horas. Las ratas del GO presentaron una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la concentración de los triglicéridosTG (p<0.05) comparada con las ratas del GS. Las HDL del GS experimentaron una disminucion estadisticamente significativa de la susceptibilidad de oxidacion de las HDL respecto las HDL GO. Esto puede ser atribuido a la mas baja concentracion de acidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) en las HDL GS comparado con las HDL del GO.

We compared the effect of the consumption of seje oil (Oenocarpus bataua), with that of olive oil, on plasma lipids and susceptibility in vitro to oxidation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the rat. Two groups of ten male Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum, for a lapse of eight week, with a purified diets with 10g de seje oil or olive oil/ 100 g of diet (GS y GO respectively). The animals were exsanguinated at the end of the experimental after a 14 hour fast. Plasma was isolated by centrifugation, and the fractions of lipoproteins were separated from the plasma by sequential ultracentrifugation. Rats of GO had a statistically significant lower in concentration of TG (p.

[Comparative study of the consumption of virgin olive oil or seje on lipid profile and oxidation resistance of high density lipoprotein (HDL) of rat plasma]. / Estudio comparativo del consumo de aceite de oliva virgen o seje sobre el perfil lipídico y la resistencia a la oxidación de las lipoproteinas de alta densidad (HDL) del plasma de rata.

We compared the effect of the consumption of seje oil (Oenocarpus bataua), with that of olive oil, on plasma lipids and susceptibility in vitro to oxidation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the rat. Two groups often male Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum, for a lapse of eight week, with a purified diets with 10g de seje oil or olive oil/100 g of diet (GS y GO respectively). The animals were exsanguinated at the end of the experimental after a 14 hour fast. Plasma was isolated by centrifugation, and the fractions of lipoproteins were separated from the plasma by sequential ultracentrifugation. Rats of GO had a statistically significant lower in concentration of TG (p < 0.05) compared with GS group. HDL fractions in both groups were oxidatively modified by incubation with copper ions. Differences in the fractions susceptibilities to peroxidation were studied by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) for 3 hours. HDL in GS had a statistically significant decrease in TBARS formation (p < 0.05) relative to HDL of GO. This may be explained by the lower concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids of HDL in GS compared with HDL in GO.

Maternal smoking and the vitamin D-parathyroid hormone system during the perinatal period.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of smoking on the vitamin D-parathyroid hormone (PTH) system during the perinatal period. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-one healthy women with singleton pregnancies and their newborns participated in a cohort study. We compared serum PTH and BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene, 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP) in a smoking group (n = 32) versus a non-smoking group (n = 29), controlling for lifestyle confounders. The mothers were examined at 30 to 32 weeks and 38 to 40 weeks of pregnancy, and the infants were examined at 2 to 3 days of postnatal life. RESULTS: Mothers who smoked and their newborns showed decreased serum PTH (30-32 weeks, 26.9 +/- 10.7 pg/mL versus 37.1+/-19.5 pg/mL; 38-40 weeks, 32.2 +/- 13.5 pg/mL versus 46.2 +/- 21.9 pg/mL, P = .005; newborns, 43.4 +/- 21.8 versus 64.1 +/- 34.2 pg/mL, P = .02) and increased phosphorus. Newborns of mothers who smoked also had significantly lower anthropometric measurements and serum 25(OH)D (14.2 +/- 6.2 ng/mL versus 22.3 +/- 11.3 ng/mL, P = .009). In addition, pregnant women who smoked had lower bALP (30-32 weeks, 31 +/- 15 U/L versus 44+/-29 U/L; 38-40 weeks, 55 +/- 32 U/L versus 97 +/- 62 U/L, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking during pregnancy negatively influences calcium-regulating hormones, leading to relative hypoparathyroidism in both the mother and their newborns.