Liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin rich extract of glycyrrhiza glabra roots attenuates inflammation in macrophages and collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

Liquiritigenin (LTG) and its bioprecursor isoliquiritigenin(ISL), the main bioactives from roots of Glycyrrhiza genus are progressively documented as a potential pharmacological agent for the management of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological potential of liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots (IVT-21) against the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages as well as further validated the efficacy in collagen-induced arthritis model in rats. We also performed the safety profile of IVT-21 using standard in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Results of this study revealed that the treatment of IVT-21 and its major bioactives (LTG, ISL) was able to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in LPS-activated primary peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner compared with vehicle-alone treated cells without any cytotoxic effect on macrophages. In-vivo efficacy profile against collagen-induced arthritis in Rats revealed that oral administration of IVT-21 significantly reduced the arthritis index, arthritis score, inflammatory mediators level in serum. IVT-21 oral treatment is also able to reduce the NFкB-p65 expression as evidence of immunohistochemistry in knee joint tissue and mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in paw tissue in a dose-dependent manner when compared with vehicle treated rats. Acute oral toxicity profile of IVT-21 demonstrated that it is safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in experimental mice. This result suggests the suitability of IVT-21 for further study in the management of arthritis and related complications.

Pharmacological and Toxicological Study of Coumarinolignoids from Cleome viscosa in Small Animals for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

This study aims to explore the possible pharmacological potential of Cleome viscosa Linn (Cleomaceae), an annual weed, into therapeutic value-added products. In the present study, we have explored the pharmacological and toxicological profile of coumarinolignoids isolated from Cleome viscose for the management of rheumatoid arthritis and related complications in a small animal model. To avoid the biasness during experiments on animals, we have coded the isolated coumarinolignoids as CLIV-92 to perform the experimental pharmacological study. CLIV-92 was orally administrated (30,100, 300 mg/kg) to animal models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), carrageenan-induced acute inflammation, thermal and chemical-induced pain, and Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia. Oral administration of CLIV-92 significantly decreases the arthritis index, arthritis score, and increases the limb withdrawal threshold in the CIA model in experimental rats. The anti-arthritis studies revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of CLIV-92 was associated with inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, MMP-1, MMP-9, Nitric oxide, and C-RP in CIA rat's serum, and also reduced the NFкB-p65 expression as evidence of immunohistochemistry in knee joint tissue of CIA rats, in a dose-dependent manner. Further individual experiments related to arthritis-related complications in experimental animals demonstrated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of CLIV-92 in a dose-dependent manner. Further, an in-vivo acute oral toxicity study concluded that CLIV-92 is safe in experimental animals up to 2,000 mg/kg dose. The results of this study suggested that the oral administration of CLIV-92 may be a therapeutic candidate for further investigation in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and related complications.

Accelerative Wound-Healing Effect of Aqueous Anthocephalus Cadamba Leaf Extract in a Diabetic Rat Model.

Impaired wound healing is a major concern in diabetic patients due to unregulated chronic hyperglycemia which further may lead to ulcer, gangrene, and its complications. The present study unveils the accelerative effect of aqueous Anthocephalus cadamba leaf extract on wound healing in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in 30 Sprague Dawley female rats by using streptozotocin (except control group I) at the dose of 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were randomized in 3 groups viz. diabetic control group (II), diabetes + Kadam plant leaf extract group (III), and diabetes + 5% povidone-iodine solution group (IV). Surgically sterile wound of 1.77 cm2 was created on the dorsal area of anaesthetized rats. The experimental parameters were assessed by hematobiochemical, histopathological, and western blot techniques. The A cadamba extract treatment group (III) (D + KPLE) showed a significant increase in the percentage of wound closure (82%) at day 21 as compared to the diabetic control group (42%), nondiabetic control group (I) (49%), and povidone-iodine treatment group (75%) group (IV). The findings of the present study suggest that the (D + KPLE) group (III) exhibited marked epithelial regeneration, neovascularization, collagen deposition, and fibroblast proliferation along with higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as compared to the diabetic control group (II), which was confirmed by histopathological examination and western blot analysis. The present study suggests that the topical application of aqueous A cadamba leaf extract exhibits accelerative wound-healing properties in diabetic rats.

Hesperidin-rich ethanol extract from waste peels of Citrus limetta mitigates rheumatoid arthritis and related complications.

The aim of this study is to explore the possible pharmacological effects of fruit waste that may have a key role in converting the fruit waste into pharmaceutical agents. Citrus limetta (Rutaceae) is an important commercial citrus fruit crops used by juice processing industries. C. limetta peels are perishable waste material, which creates a big challenge in juice processing industries. Initial pharmaco-chemical profile of peels' extracts revealed that the ethanol extract (ClPs) has promising anti-inflammatory activity and rich in hesperidin content. In vivo experimental pharmacology profile of ClPs against arthritis and related complications revealed that oral administration of ClPs significantly reduced the arthritis score and arthritis index in elbow and knee joints against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Biochemical parameters include pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A), and C-RP level in blood serum of CIA rats further confirmed the anti-arthritic profile of ClPs. Further individual experiments related to arthritis-related complications in experimental animals demonstrated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic potential of ClPs in dose-dependent manner. The result of this study suggests the suitability of ClPs as a drug-like candidate for further investigation toward the management of arthritis and related complications.