RESUMEN
Bizarreness in dreams is defined as an unusual combination of features in the phenomenal unified consciousness, that is, an incoherent simulation of the waking world. The present study investigated the specific mechanisms underlying dream image production and the phenomenal unity of consciousness by focusing on size and shape bizarreness. Data were derived from a Dream Data Bank of experimental dream studies. Analyses revealed that feature distortion was quite infrequent. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive processes proposed in a dream production model. Theoretical cognitive constructs, such as Kosslyn's imagery model, memory systems functioning, and binding, were used to speculate about these two specific types of bizarreness.
Asunto(s)
Cognición , Sueños/psicología , Percepción de Forma , Distorsión de la Percepción , Percepción del Tamaño , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Estado de Conciencia , Humanos , Imaginación , Memoria , Modelos Psicológicos , PolisomnografíaRESUMEN
The etiology and pathophysiology of Paget's disease of bone are not yet entirely defined. There is evidence suggesting the participation of the immune system in the pathophysiology of this disease. Hence, we examined T cell mitogenic proliferation, NK cell activity, T cell subsets, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6(IL-6) production by peripheral mononuclear cells and IL-6 levels in the peripheral blood sera of 17 Paget's patients aged (74.5 +/- 2.4 years) and of 17 elderly control subjects (74.7 +/- 2.2 years). Pagetic patients were found to have immunological parameters not significantly different from those of the elderly control group. Moreover, the results obtained from Paget's patients with the active form of the disease did not differ from those of patients with inactive disease. Therefore, at least on the basis of the parameters used in this study, it is possible to conclude that the cellular immunity of Paget's patients is not different from that of elderly control subjects and that the role of IL-1 and IL-6 in this disease should be reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Osteítis Deformante/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Fosfatasa Ácida/sangre , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Relación CD4-CD8 , Calcio/sangre , Calcio/orina , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Interleucina-1/biosíntesis , Interleucina-6/biosíntesis , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Recuento de Leucocitos , Activación de Linfocitos , Recuento de Linfocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteítis Deformante/sangre , Osteítis Deformante/orina , Fósforo/sangre , Fósforo/orina , Valores de Referencia , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Fifty volunteers slept two nonconsecutive nights in a sleep laboratory under electropolygraphic control. They were awakened for one report per night. Awakenings were made, in counterbalanced order, from slow wave sleep (SWS--stage 3-4 and stage 4) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Following dream reporting, subjects were asked to identify memory sources of their dream imagery. Two independent judges reliably rated mentation reports for temporal units and for several content and structural dimensions. The same judges also categorized memory sources as autobiographical episodes, abstract self-references, or semantic knowledge. We found that REM reports were significantly longer than SWS reports. Minor content SWS-REM differences were also detected. Moreover, semantic knowledge was more frequently mentioned as a dream source for REM than for SWS dream reports. These findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that dreaming is a continuous process that is not unique to REM sleep. Different levels of engagement of the cognitive system are responsible for the few SWS-REM differences that have been detected.