[Estimation of gammaaminobutyric acid intake from the human diet].

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous bioactive compound with essential properties for the normal functioning of the human nervous system. As a potent neurotransmitter, it plays an important role in modulating synaptic transmission by exerting phasic inhibition of neurons. This and other effects of GABA provide the phenomenon of neural tissue plasticity underlying learning, memory, maturation and repair of neural tissue after damage. It also has a wide range of biological actions, including antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. In this regard, GABA is increasingly used in the composition of food for special dietary uses and dietary supplements. However, its adequate intake levels have not yet been assessed and its dietary intake has not been characterized. The aim of the review was to estimate the level of GABA intake under balanced consumption of foods, corresponding to rational norms that meet modern requirements of a healthy diet. Material and methods. The existing literature on the problem in recent years was reviewed using the databases RISC, CyberLeninka, Pubmed, and ResearchGate. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, we evaluated the content of GABA in the average daily diet, compiled on the basis of the rational norms of food consumption that meet modern requirements for healthy nutrition (Order of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation dated August 19, 2016. No. 614). The balanced diet can provide about 740 mg of GABA per day, mainly due to vegetables (potatoes - 419 mg/day, beet - 49 mg/day, pumpkin - 41 mg/day), fruits (apple - 15 mg/day, grapes - 3.8 mg/day), as well as low-fat dairy products (92 mg/day). Conclusion. The presented data may be useful in assessing the adequacy of enrichment of foods for special dietary uses and dietary supplements with GABA.

[Modified method for obtaining phycocyanine concentrate of Arthrospira platensis biomass].

The biomass of Arthrospira platensis cyanobacteria is a source of bioactive compounds such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and, particularly, phycobiliproteins: C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. The wide range of biological activity shown by extracts with a high content of phycocyanins determines the prospects for their use as dietary supplements and ingredients of special foods. For food purposes, the degree of purity of phycocyanin concentrates, determined by the ratio of optical densities of their aqueous solutions at two wavelengths, namely D620/D280, must be greater than 0.7. Most methods for obtaining phycocyanin concentrates include laborious steps of fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation of protein from A. platensis biomass extracts followed by removal of salts solution. The use of membrane technology, specifically microfiltration, makes it possible to significantly intensify and simplify the process of obtaining phycocyanin concentrates. The aim of this research was to modify the method for obtaining a high-purity A. platensis phycocyanin concentrate by replacing the stage of ammonium sulfate precipitation of the protein by ultrafiltration of the extract followed by microfiltration. Material and methods. A sample of dry A. platensis biomass was used as a feedstock. Extraction of A. platensis biomass was carried out at a temperature of +40 °C for 3 h, the resulting suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was separated from the sediment. The obtained extract was subjected to ultrafiltration (membrane with a pore diameter of 30 kDa) followed by removal of the permeate containing low molecular weight impurities. The retentate was subjected to microfiltration (membrane with a pore size of 0.2 µm), concentrated by reverse osmosis and freeze-dried. Results. The content of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in the dry concentrate was 42.0±1.3 and 7.0±0.3%, respectively, the degree of purity was 1.98. Conclusion. The scheme for obtaining A. platensis phycocyanin concentrate has been modified. A concentrate was obtained with a high degree of purity, allowing its use in food.

[Effect of L-carnitine and resveratrol complex on the profile of cytokines and regulatory proteins in normal and obese rats].

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, peripheral organs and some compartments of the brain are among pathogenetic factors in obesity. The use of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity in the composition of specialized products and dietary supplements is considered as an approach in the diet therapy of obesity and related conditions. The aim of the research was to study the effect of a complex supplement containing resveratrol and L-carnitine (RC supplement) on the immunological parameters of inflammation (the profile of cytokines and regulatory proteins) in rats fed a balanced or hypercaloric diet. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats received for 63 days a standard balanced diet (SD) or a high-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (HFCD) with an excess of total fat and fructose, as well as RC supplement at a low (25 mg/kg body weight as Res and 300 mg/kg body weight as L-Car) or high (50 and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively) dose. The content of leptin, ghrelin, cytokines and chemokines in blood serum (BS), lysates of white adipose tissue (WAT) and spleen, amygdala and hippocampus of the brain, the content of regulatory proteins Akt, IRS-1, GCK-3a/b, p70/S6, BAD, m-TOR, PTEN and S6 ribosomal protein in the amygdala and hippocampus have been studied the by multiplex immunoassay. Results. In rats that consumed RC as part of SD, there was a decrease in the levels of leptin and its ratio with ghrelin, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-12p40 and IL-12p70, IFN-γ) in BS and WAT, chemokines (MCP-1, M-CSF, MIP-2) in WAT. Some of these effects were more pronounced at a low dose of RC than at a large dose, and some of them were also canceled or changed in direction in animals treated with HFCD. In the amygdala, RC consumption increased the content of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines; the most significant was the increase in IL-7 levels in animals fed SD, and RANTES in animals fed HFCD. In the hippocampus of rats, the RC intake had an insignificant effect on the levels of cytokines and chemokines. Akt-1 kinase and the substrate of the insulin receptor IRS-1 were the main targets of RC action in the regions of the brain. Conclusion. The complex dietary supplement RC exerted a hypoleptinemic effect, revealed certain anti-inflammatory effects and modulated a number of the brain factors influencing behavioral responses in obesity. However, the synergistic effect of resveratrol and L-carnitine in the composition of the supplement wasn't not observed, and the effectiveness of its action decreased in conditions of a hypercaloric diet consumption.

[Protective effect of anthocyanins on apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes of rats after intense exercise].

Currently, in sports medicine, much attention is paid to the prevention and treatment of delayed muscle soreness syndrome (DOMS), which occurs several hours or days after unusual or intense physical activity, as well as the state of athlete overtraining. One of the main pathogenetic factors in the development of this syndrome is myocyte ultrastructural damage with apoptosis activation. Therefore, using natural antioxidants in sports nutrition for the relief of this pathology is of particular relevance. The aim of the study was to study the effect of an anthocyanin-enriched diet on apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes of rats after intense exercise. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out for 4 weeks on 4 groups of male Wistar rats (12 animals in each, initial body weight ~300 g). Animals were divided into groups of rats (groups 1 and 2), whose motor activity was limited by standard conditions for keeping animals in vivarium, and groups of physically active rats (groups 3 and 4), which received additional physical activity - treadmill training. Before the end of the experiment, the animals of groups 3 and 4 were given debilitating (until the rats refused to continue the exercise) physical activity on a treadmill. Rats of all four groups received a standard semi-synthetic diet, water ad libitum. Animals in groups 2 and 4 were additionally given blueberry and blackcurrant extract (30% anthocyanins) as part of the diet at a daily dose of 15 mg anthocyanins/kg body weight. The intensity of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes was studied by flow cytometry. Cells were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated annexin V and vital dye 7-aminoactinomycin. The results are presented as the percentage of intact cells and cells at different stages of apoptosis per 100 000 counted objects in each sample. Results. The enrichment of the diet of control group rats with blueberry and black currant extract did not have a significant effect on the relative content of intact cells and the studied parameters of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes of rats of the 2nd group. Intense physical activity in rats of the 3rd group led to a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in the relative content of intact (live) cells compared with this indicator in rats of other groups (85.32±1.44 vs 90.87±0.66% - in the 1st group; 90.16±0.79% - in the 2nd group; 89.01±0.81% - in the 4th group, р<0.05). After intense physical activity in rats of the 3rd group, activation of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes was found, as evidenced by an increase in the relative content of objects in apoptosis compared with other groups (11.61±1.45 vs 7.88±0.60% - in the 1st group, р<0.05; 8.01±0.70% - in the 2nd group, p<0.10; 7.93±0.59% - in the 4th group р<0.05). Enrichment of the diet of exercise rats with blueberry and blackcurrant extract (4th group) had a protective effect on the intensity of the apoptosis process, the studied parameters did not differ significantly from those in rats of the control and the 2nd groups. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the activation of the process of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes of rats after intense physical activity. Enrichment of rats' diet with anthocyanins from blueberry and black currant extracts ensures the restoration of the studied apoptosis parameters to the level of control group rats. In the control group of rats with normal physical activity, the addition of anthocyanins to the diet does not have a significant effect on the physiological process of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myocytes. In this way, an evidence base for the effectiveness of the use of biologically active substances - anthocyanins - in sports nutrition for the restoration of skeletal muscles has been obtained.

[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Sports nutrition as a model of maximum individualization and implementation of integrative medicine].

Nutrition is the basis for the implementation of sports activities. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, as the main institution of the Russian Federation that conducts scientific research in the field of the nutrition science, has developed a number of methodological recommendations on sports anthropology and various areas of prevention of metabolic disorders in athletes over the past decades. The separate section of research was the development of methods for preventing dehydration in athletes of various sports. Depending on the results of the study of the individual athlete nutritional status using integrative medicine methods there was a transition to personalization of recommendations, both on the composition of the traditional diet, and on the inclusion of specialized sport foods and dietary supplements in it. A lot of work is being done on state regulation, including state Standards, in the field of Specialized foodstuffs for athletes' nutrition. Recipes and production technologies of this group of products have been developed. The developed evidence-based educational programs allow to introduce the acquired knowledge in the field of optimal nutrition into the practice of sport activity.

Vitamins in diet of patients with metabolic syndrome.

Aim - analysis of data on the role of vitamin and carotenoid deficiency in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), the consumption of individual vitamins and vitamin supplements, as well as estimation of the effectiveness of the use of vitamins in patients with MS. A review of the existing literature has been carried out in the databases of RINC, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Pubmed. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. The diet of people with MS is characterized by excessive caloric content and at the same time contains an inadequate amount of most vitamins. The most frequent in patients with MS is the deficiency (blood level) of vitamin D, E, B vitamins, carotenoids. Among patients with MS, individuals with a reduced concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma are often found. In turn, among those with a deficiency of vitamins, MS is more often found. Low concentrations of 25(OH)D in the serum are associated with an increased risk of MS. An inverse association between the concentration of the hormonal form of vitamin 1.25(OH)2D3 in the serum and the development of MC has been found. In patients with MS, the α-tocopherol concentration associated with lipids is lower than in healthy individuals, and γ-tocopherol, on the contrary, is higher. Taking high doses of one of the vitamin E homologues shifts the balance between tocopherols in the blood plasma. Sufficient supply of the body with all vitamins involved in the formation of metabolically active forms of vitamins (D, B6, PP) is a necessary condition for the exercise of these biological functions by these vitamins. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. Enrichment of the diet of patients with MS should be considered as a necessary favorable background for its treatment. Since the body has functional connections between vitamins, it is advisable to use not individual vitamins, but their complexes.

[Micronutrient status of population of the Russian Federation and possibility of its correction. State of the problem].

Vitamin status of the working population (about 950 subjects) from Moscow region, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug has been evaluated in 2015-2016. The lack of vitamin D assessed by means of blood serum level determination was detected in 57.5% of the adults, B vitamins - in 12.6-34.5%, vitamins A and E - in 5.3-10.8%, carotene - in 67.3%. Multivitamin insufficiency (the lack of 3 or more vitamins) was found in 22-38% of adults. Micronutrient fortification of foods of mass consumption is a promising way to improve vitamin status of the population. The needs for vitamins in medical, food industry and agriculture are satisfied only by imports. Calculation of the quantity of imported vitamins substances, carried out on the basis of databases of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, showed that import volume of vitamins increased and amounted to 9920 tons (125 980 000 dollars) in 2016. The estimated total demand of food industry in vitamins (substances) for the production of vitamin-mineral supplements (at the rate of 1-month course per person per year), the inclusion of vitamin and mineral supplements in health nutrition in hospitals and the production of fortified foodstuffs (at the rate of 24 kg of flour per year per one person and milk - 50 kg/year per person) was about 2.5 thousand tons per year. The absence of vitamin synthesis in the Russian Federation is a problem for increasing of nutritive value and quality of food products. The urgent need to revive domestic production (synthesis) of vitamin substances has appeared. The use of iodized salt instead of noniodized salt in bread and bakery production automatically converted it into enriched foods, which could improve the iodine sufficiency of the population.