A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of hinokitiol administered in the diet to F344 rats.

Myocarditis has been reported in male F344 rats given a diet containing hinokitiol (HT). A subchronic toxicity study was here performed to re-evaluate toxic effects of HT in both sexes of F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 0.02%, 0.07% and 0.2% for 13 weeks. Significant reduction of body weight gain was noted in 0.2% males and 0.07% and above females. Significant decrease in RBC counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit was detected in 0.07% and 0.2% females. Significant increase in MCV was observed in 0.07% and above males and 0.2% females. In the rats given 0.07% and 0.2%, significant increase in total protein and albumin were detected in males, and in total cholesterol in females. Significant increases in total cholesterol, urea nitrogen and creatinine were also detected in the 0.2% males. Significant increase in relative liver weights was detected in the 0.07% and above males and females. Absolute and relative heart weights were significantly decreased in the 0.07% and above males. Based on the above findings the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of HT for both male and female rats was estimated to be 0.02%, translating into 12.7 and 14.8 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively. Myocarditis was not evident in the present study.

Inhibitory effects of Schefflera leucantha extract on production of allergic mediators by Langerhans cells and mast cells.

BACKGROUND: Schefflera leucantha Viguier is used as a traditional medicine in Thailand and China to relieve chronic cough and asthma. However, little is known about its anti-allergic effects. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of S leucantha ethanol extract (SLEE) on chemokine production by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) stimulated with peptidoglycan (PEG) from Staphylococcus aureus and histamine release from mast cells. METHODS: LCs were purified from murine epidermal cells using the panning method with anti-IA(d) monoclonal antibody. Chemokine production by LCs was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mast cells for histamine release assay were induced by long-term culture of mouse spleen cells. Histamine release from these mast cells was measured by a competitive ELISA. RESULTS: Production of the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL5 and the type 2 T helper (TH2)-associated chemokine CCL17 from PEG-stimulated LCs was significantly inhibited by SLEE. Furthermore, SLEE significantly decreased the release of histamine from mast cells by IgE-mediated degranulation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that S leucantha may offer a new therapeutic approach for the control of atopic dermatitis associated with S aureus colonization through inhibition of the production of allergic mediators.

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of dietary administered saponin-rich and isoflavones-containing soybean extract in F344 rats.

A subchronic toxicity study of soybean extract was performed in F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% for 13 weeks. No mortality or abnormal clinical signs in any group were observed. Body weight gains were decreased with a tendency for reduction of feed intake in the 1.25% and above female and 5% male groups. In males, absolute and relative liver weights were increased in the 1.25% and above groups. In females relative kidney weights were increased in the 1.25% and above groups. Other significant changes such as decreased RBC and hematocrit and increased urea nitrogen were detected in the 2.5% and/or 5% groups. On histopathological observation, atrophy of the ventral prostate was observed in all animals in the 5% male group. Mucification and atrophy of the vaginal epithelium and increased atretic follicles in ovaries were noted in 2.5% and 5% female rats. Based on the above findings the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level for male and female rats was estimated to be 1.25% (707.2 and 751.8 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively).

Safety assessment of dietary administered paprika color in combined chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies using F344 rats.

Combined chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of paprika color, used as a food additive in various countries, were performed in male and female F344 rats. Dietary concentrations of 0%, 0.62%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% were applied in a 52-week toxicity study and 0%, 2.5% and 5% in a 104-week carcinogenicity study. Treatment with paprika color caused a significant increase in incidence of hepatocellular vacuolation in 5% males, but no toxicological effects were found with reference to survival rates, body weights, hematological or serum biochemical parameters and organ weights at any dose level in either sex in the chronic toxicity study. Also, paprika color did not induce specific tumors nor did it exert significant influence on the development of spontaneous tumors in any of the organs examined in the carcinogenicity study. In conclusion, based on slight histopathological changes observed in 5% male livers, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was estimated to be 2.5% in the diet (1,253 mg/kg bw/day) and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 5% in the diet (2,388 mg/kg bw/day) for male rats, and for females, the NOEL was concluded to be 5% in the diet (2,826 mg/kg bw/day). Additionally, paprika color was not carcinogenic to male and female F344 rats under the present experimental conditions.

A subchronic toxicity study of dunaliella carotene in F344 rats.

Dunaliella carotene, extracted from dunaliella alga (Dunaliella bardawil or Dunaliella salina), for use as a food-coloring agent, has beta-carotene as its mainly constituent. As there have been no reports of toxicological evaluation, a 90-day subchronic toxicity study was here performed in F344 rats at dose levels of 0 (control), 0.63%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% in powdered basal diet. The average daily intakes of dunaliella carotene were 352, 696, 1420 and 2750 mg/kg/day, respectively, for males, and 370, 748, 1444 and 2879 mg/kg/day for females. No mortality or treatment-related clinical signs were observed throughout the experimental period in any of the groups. Body weight gain was slightly but significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from week 5 to the end of the experiment in 2.5% and 5% males. Increased PLT were observed in 1.25% and 5% males, and 2.5% and 5% females. Significant elevations or tendencies for increase in serum T. Cho and Ca were observed in all treated males and females, with clear dose-dependence in males. Organ weight measurement and histopathological observation revealed no toxicological changes. Based on growth suppression, no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) were estimated to be 1.25% (696 mg/kg/day) for males and 5% (2879 mg/kg/day) for females. As increases in serum Ca were observed in the lowest group in both sexes, a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) could not be determined in this study.

Lack of chemopreventive effects of alpha-eleostearic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced mammary and colon carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

alpha-Eleostearic acid is one of the conjugated linolenic acids from tung oil, which is obtained from the seeds of Aleurites fordii. The effects of dietary alpha-eleostearic acid (18:3, n-5) on the post-initiation period of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced mammary and colon carcinogenesis were examined using female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. For initiation, rats were given subcutaneous injections of 40mg/kg body weight (5 times) and 20mg/kg body weight (3 times) of DMH during the age of 6-8 weeks and a single intragastric administration of 50mg/kg body weight of DMBA at 9 weeks. Then, the animals were treated with 0%, 0.01%, 0.1% or 1.0% alpha-eleostearic acid for 34 weeks. Control rats received the basal diet alone or 1.0% alpha-eleostearic acid without prior initiation treatment. All surviving animals were killed at week 37 of the experiment. There were no statistically significant alterations in any of the parameters for either mammary or colon tumors. These results thus indicate that alpha-eleostearic acid does not exert clear modification effects on DMBA and DMH-induced mammary and colon carcinogenesis, at least under the present experimental conditions.

Lack of subchronic toxicity of an aqueous extract of Agaricus blazei Murrill in F344 rats.

Agaricus blazei Murrill, an edible mushroom, is widely used as a functional food due to its possible medicinal effects. Aqueous extracts are also used as food additive to provide an agreeable bitter taste. As a part of its safety assessment, the present 90-day subchronic toxicity study was performed in F344 rats. To establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), rats were fed powder diet containing A. blazei Murrill aqueous extract at dose levels of 0 (basal diet), 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 and 5% (maximum) for 90 days. During the experiment, there were no remarkable changes in general appearance and no deaths occurred in any experimental group. Although serum blood urea nitrogen was slightly but significantly increased in males of the 2.5 and 5% groups, no related histopathological changes were observed in the kidney, and serum creatinine levels were rather reduced, suggesting the increase of blood urea nitrogen to be of little toxicological significance. Hematology, organ weight measurement and histopathological observation revealed no test compound-related toxicological changes. In conclusion, A. blazei Murrill extract even at 5% in the diet (2654 mg/kgb.w./day for male rats and 2965 mg/kgb.w./day for female rats) did not cause remarkable adverse effects in F344 rats. Thus, the NOAEL was concluded to be 5% in the diet.

A subchronic toxicity study of shea nut color in Wistar rats.

Shea nut color, obtained from nuts of the shea tree (Butyrospermum parkii), is used as a food-coloring agent. Flavonoid pigments are considered to be the responsible constituents. As there have been no reports of toxicological evaluation, a 13-week subchronic toxicity study was performed in Wistar Hannover rats at dose levels of 0 (control), 0.07, 0.31, 1.25 and 5% in powdered basal diet. The average of daily shea nut color intake was 51.3, 226.1, 986.8 and 3775.5 mg/kg/day for males and 56.4, 272.9, 1166.7 and 4387.7 mg/kg/day for females, respectively. During the administration period, daily observation of clinical signs and weekly measurement of body weights and food consumption were performed. After the end of the treatment, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight and histopathological examinations were conducted. No significant toxicological changes were observed in any parameters in this study. Hence, the no adverse effect dose of shea nut color was estimated to be greater than 5.0% for both sexes (3775.5 mg/kg/day for males and 4387.7 mg/kg/day for females).

Synergistic effects of high-dose soybean intake with iodine deficiency, but not sulfadimethoxine or phenobarbital, on rat thyroid proliferation.

The specificity and dose dependence of the synergistic effects of soybean intake with iodine deficiency on the induction of thyroid proliferation were investigated in female F344 rats. In the first experiment, rats were divided into 6 groups, each consisting of 5 animals, and fed a basal diet containing 20% gluten, an iodine-deficient basal diet alone or an iodine-deficient diet containing 0.2%, 1.0%, 5.0% or 25% defatted soybean for 5 weeks. Soybean feeding synergistically induced thyroid hyperplasias with iodine deficiency only at the 25% dose. In the second experiment, rats were also divided into 6 groups, each consisting of 5 animals, and fed a basal diet, a diet containing 20% defatted soybean, 0.025% sulfadimethoxine (SDM), 20% defatted soybean + 0.025% SDM, 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) or 20% defatted soybean + 0.05% PB for 5 weeks. The SDM treatments significantly (P < 0.05 - 0.01) increased the thyroid weights, but this increase rate was less prominent in the SDM + soybean group than in the SDM alone group. The PB treatment was also associated with a tendency for increase in thyroid weight, but again this was smaller in the PB + soybean group than in the PB alone group. Although the SDM or PB treatments reduced the serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels and consequently increased the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, the soybean feeding did not affect or rather attenuated these changes. Our results clearly indicate that soybean feeding does not synergistically enhance the effects of SDM or PB on the rat thyroid. Thus it can be concluded that soybean intake specifically interacts with iodine deficiency in induction of thyroid proliferative lesions in rats, only at high doses.

Chemopreventive effects of curcumin on glandular stomach carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and sodium chloride in rats.

The modifying effects of pure curcumin on glandular stomach carcinogenesis were investigated during the post-initiation phase in male Wistar rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanisine (MNNG) and sodium chloride. A total of 110 male 6-week-old rats were divided into four groups. Groups 1-3 (consisting of 30 rats/group) were given MNNG in their drinking water at a concentration of 100 ppm and simultaneously fed a diet supplemented with 5% NaCl for 8 weeks. They were then fed a diet containing either 0.2% (group 1) or 0.05% (group 2) pure curcumin or kept on a basal diet alone (group 3) for 55 weeks. The rats of the curcumin-treated groups (groups 1 and 2) were then switched to the basal diet for the following 4 weeks before sacrifice. Group 4 (20 rats) served as a non-treatment control. The total incidence of combined atypical hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas in the glandular stomachs was rather lower in groups 1 (93%) and 2 (90%) than in group 3 (100%), albeit without statistical significance. However, the mean number of atypical hyperplasias or adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomachs in group 1 (4.70) was significantly less than the value of group 3 (7.17) (p<0.05). Thus, the development of cancerous and precancerous lesions in the glandular stomach was decreased by exposure to pure curcumin. The present results indicate that the compound exerts chemopreventive effects, when given during the post-initiation phase of glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats.

Inhibitory effects of protocatechuic acid on the post-initiation phase of hamster pancreatic carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine.

The chemopreventive effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) were investigated during the post-initiation stage of the N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)-initiated hamster pancreatic tumorigenesis model. Female 5-week-old hamsters were divided into 6 groups. Animals in groups 1-3, each consisting of 30 hamsters, were given two s.c. injections of 20 mg/kg body weight of BOP with a one week interval as an initiation treatment. After the BOP injection, hamsters in groups 1 and 2 were respectively fed diet supplemented with 1000 or 500 ppm of PCA for 49 weeks. The animals in group 3 were treated with BOP alone. The animals in groups 4-6, each consisting of 10 hamsters, were given 1000 or 500 ppm PCA, or basal diet alone without prior BOP injection. At the termination of experimental week 52, the incidences and multiplicities of neoplastic lesions in the pancreas were comparable among the BOP-treated groups. However, the incidence of pancreatic tumors larger than 3 cm was significantly lower in the PCA-treated high dose groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover the incidence of advanced pancreatic cancers which had directly invaded adjacent tissues such as the diaphragm, spleen and stomach was reduced by the PCA treatments, being significantly (p < 0.01) lower in group 2 than in group 3. Our results thus indicated that PCA can inhibit the late post-initiation or progression phase of BOP-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters.

Suppressive effects of Adenophora triphylla extracts on in vitro tumor cell growth and in vivo gastric epithelial proliferation.

Adenophora triphylla (AT), an oriental medicinal plant, was extracted using water and several organic solvents and each fraction was assayed for its tumoricidal effects on human Jurkat T cells with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The influence on induction of apoptosis and G1 arrest was also examined. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most pronounced inhibitory effects on proliferation of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis was induced in line with up-regulation of FasL, tyrosine phosphorylation and c-fos mRNA levels. Arrest in G1 of the cell cycle was observed in A2780 cells with a wild type p53 gene but not HT-29 cells with a mutant p53 gene. Modifying effects of AT on cell turnover and glutathione(GSH) levels in vivo were also investigated in the stomach of rats given 150 mg/kg of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by gavage and then fed a diet supplemented with 5% or 1% pulverized AT and 0.5% or 0.2% ethylacetate-extracted AT for 42 hours. The 5% AT and both of the ethylacetate fractions caused significant reduction in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling in the glandular stomach epithelium as compared with the value for the MNNG alone group. In addition, the treatments significantly increased the gastric GSH levels. These results suggest that AT could be a chemopreventive agent against gastric cancer.

Lack of carcinogenicity of gardenia blue colour given chronically in the diet to F344 rats.

The carcinogenicity of gardenia blue colour was examined in Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Groups of 50 males and 50 females were given the material at dietary doses of 0 (control), 2.5 or 5% for 104 weeks and then sacrificed. The doses were selected on the basis of results from a 13-week subchronic toxicity study. A slight increase in relative organ weights of the left lung was observed in male rats of the 5% group. However, no significant differences between the control and treated groups were noted with regard to clinical signs, mortality and haematological findings. A variety of tumours developed in all groups, including the controls, but all were histologically similar to those known to occur spontaneously in F344 rats, and no statistically significant increase in the incidence of any type of neoplastic lesion was found for either sex in the treated groups. Thus, it was concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, gardenia blue colour is not carcinogenic in F344 rats.

Effects of Selaginella tamariscina on in vitro tumor cell growth, p53 expression, G1 arrest and in vivo gastric cell proliferation.

Selaginella tamariscina, an oriental medicinal plant, was extracted using water and several organic solvents, and each fraction was assayed for its tumoricidal effects with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Influences on expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene and induction of G1 arrest in the cell cycle were analyzed by Northern blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. The modifying effects of pulverized Selaginella tamariscina on cell turnover in the stomach were also investigated in rats given 150 mg/kg of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by gavage and then fed a diet containing 5, 1 or 0% Selaginella tamariscina. Fractions I-V showed significant tumoricidal effects against cultured human leukemia cells whereas these fractions did not affect normal human lymphocytes. Among the effective fractions, the water-extracted fraction (V) efficiently increased p53 gene expression and induced G1 arrest. The 1% Selaginella tamariscina feeding caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-(PCNA) labeling index of the glandular stomach epithelium as compared with the MNNG-alone group value although 5% Selaginella tamariscina feeding was only associated with a tendency for decrease. These results suggest that Selaginella tamariscina could be a candidate chemopreventive agent against gastric cancer.

Failure of phenethyl isothiocyanate to inhibit hamster tumorigenesis induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine when given during the post-initiation phase.

The chemopreventive influence of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) during the post-initiation stage was investigated in the N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)-initiated hamster tumorigenesis model. A total of 120 female 5-week-old hamsters were divided into six groups. Animals in groups 1-3, each consisting of 30 hamsters, were injected twice, subcutaneously, with BOP 7 days apart to effect initiation. Starting 1 week after the second BOP injection, hamsters in groups 1 and 2 were fed diets supplemented with 6 micromol/g and 3 micromol/g of PEITC, respectively, for 51 weeks. Animals in group 3 received a basal diet as an initiation positive control. Animals in groups 4-6, each consisting of ten hamsters, were given 6 micromol/g or 3 micromol/g of PEITC alone, or were non-treated, matched negative controls for groups 1-3. At the termination of experimental week 52, the incidences and multiplicities of neoplastic lesions in the target organs including the pancreas, lung, liver and kidney were found to be comparable among the BOP-treated groups. The values for pancreatic adenocarcinomas as well as dysplastic lesions tended to increase although without statistical significance. Taken together with our previous finding that PEITC dramatically inhibited the initiation phase of BOP-induced pancreatic and lung tumorigenesis in hamsters, it can be concluded that PEITC specifically exerts chemopreventive effects only when given concomitantly with the carcinogen.

Influences of long-term administration of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, in rats.

In order to examine the influences by long-term feeding of 24R, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3[24R, 25(OH)2D3], an active form of vitamin D, Wistar rats (14-week-old, male, 20 rats/group) were fed a powder diet containing 0 or 5 ppm 24R, 25(OH)2D3 for 57 weeks. Final body weights and total food consumption were comparable between the groups. Urinary calcium levels were significantly (p < 0.05 or 0.01) increased by the administration of 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at weeks 3, 22 and 56, although the levels of serum calcium did not differ between the groups at the termination of week 57. In the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group, weights of the adrenals and femurs were significantly (p < 0.01) increased. Histopathologically, this was found due to thickening of cortical bone in the femurs, and medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma of the adrenals. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling indices for intact adrenal medulla, medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma in the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group were respectively 1.82 +/- 1.21, 5.88 +/- 4.13 and 16, all higher than that for the adrenal medulla in the control group (0.87 +/- 0.67). These results indicate that 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at a dose with which serum calcium is not chronically increased causes thickening of the cortex of the femur, and development of adrenal proliferative lesions, suggesting that rats may be too sensitive for results to be relevant to human risk assessment.

Inhibition by beta-carotene of upper respiratory tumorigenesis in hamsters receiving diethylnitrosamine followed by cigarette smoke exposure.

In recent intervention studies, beta-carotene failed to reduce or even increased the incidence of lung cancers in smokers. In the present investigation, the modifying effects of beta-carotene at various doses on the development of upper respiratory tract tumors were investigated in Syrian hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and cigarette smoke. A total of 120 male 5-week-old hamsters were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 30 animals. After a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 100 mg/kg DEN, hamsters in groups 1-4 were respectively administered diets supplemented with beta-carotene at doses of 0.5%, 0.05%, 0.005% or 0% during experimental weeks 1 to 13, and simultaneously exposed to cigarette smoke. The duration of cigarette smoke exposure was 9 min twice a day, 5 days a week. Because of a marked reduction of body weight in group 1, the highest dose of beta-carotene was changed to 0.25% after 10 days. In all groups, epithelial hyperplasias and/or papillomas were induced in the larynx and trachea. However, the incidence and multiplicity of papillomas in group 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the group 4 values. Moreover, the beta-carotene treatments significantly (P < 0.05 or 0.01) reduced both the incidence and multiplicity of hyperplasias in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of retinol and beta-carotene in the serum, and the retinol level in the liver, were also elevated with dose dependence. Our results thus indicate that beta-carotene inhibits tumorigenesis, even at the high dose of 0.25%, under the present experimental conditions.

Enhancing effects of captafol on the development of GST-P-positive liver cell foci in a medium-term bioassay, and protection by L-cysteine of the enhancement in rats.

The modifying effects of captafol and protective effects of L-cysteine on the development of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P +) foci of the liver and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the kidney were investigated in a medium-term bioassay using D-galactosamine (DGA) in rats. Male 6-week-old F344 rats were initially given a single i.p. injection (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and after 2 weeks on basal diet, received two i.p. injections of DGA (300 mg/kg) at the ends of weeks 2 and 5, and were fed a diet supplemented with test chemicals for weeks 3-8. Animals in group 1 were given 1500 ppm captafol in the diet, while group 2 received 1500 ppm captafol in diet as well as 1500 ppm L-cysteine in drinking water, animals in control group being given basal diet alone. Positive results regarding increased numbers and areas of GST-P + liver cell foci were obtained in rats treated with captafol alone. On the other hand, significant reduction by L-cysteine in the areas of GST-P + liver cell foci initiated by DEN and promoted by captafol was observed. In addition, the PCNA-labelling indices of renal tubule cells were elevated in rats treated with captafol alone and significantly reduced in rats treated simultaneously with L-cysteine. The protocol used in the present study therefore allowed the in vivo determination of promoting effects of captafol and inhibitory influence of L-cysteine by analyzing GST-P + foci in the livers as marker lesions, within a relatively short period of 8 weeks. Thus, this bioassay protocol could have applicability as a new in vivo assay system for the screening of hepatic carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic agents.

Chemopreventive effects of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, on glandular stomach carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and sodium chloride.

The modifying effects of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3], a vitamin D3 derivative, on glandular stomach carcinogenesis were investigated in male Wistar rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and sodium chloride exposure during the postinitiation phase. A total of 130 male 6-week-old rats was divided into five groups. Groups 1-3 (consisting of 30 rats/group) were given MNNG in drinking water at a concentration of 100 ppm and were simultaneously fed a diet supplemented with 10% NaCl for 8 weeks. They were fed a diet containing either 5.0 ppm (group 1) or 2.5 ppm (group 2) 24R,25(OH)2D3 or were kept on the basal diet alone (group 3) for the following 57 weeks. Rats in groups 4 and 5 were given 24R,25(OH)2D3, as were animals in groups 1 and 3, but did not receive the MNNG + NaCl treatment. The total incidence of combined atypical hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas in the glandular stomachs was significantly lower in group 1 (24%) than in group 3 (70%; P < 0.01). The mean numbers of atypical hyperplasias or adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomachs in groups 1 (0.31) and 2 (0.66) were also significantly decreased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) as compared to the group 3 value (1.21). Thus, the development of cancerous and precancerous lesions in the glandular stomach was decreased by exposure to 24R,25(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. Urinary calcium levels were increased by this vitamin D3 derivative (in line with the applied dose) when assayed at 10, 30, and 62 weeks, regardless of the MNNG + NaCl treatment The present results clearly indicate that 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts chemopreventive effects, possibly by influencing calcium pharmacodynamics, when given during the postinitiation phase of glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats.