Control of protein function through oxidation and reduction of persulfidated states.

Irreversible oxidation of Cys residues to sulfinic/sulfonic forms typically impairs protein function. We found that persulfidation (CysSSH) protects Cys from irreversible oxidative loss of function by the formation of CysSSO1-3H derivatives that can subsequently be reduced back to native thiols. Reductive reactivation of oxidized persulfides by the thioredoxin system was demonstrated in albumin, Prx2, and PTP1B. In cells, this mechanism protects and regulates key proteins of signaling pathways, including Prx2, PTEN, PTP1B, HSP90, and KEAP1. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we show that (i) CysSSH and CysSSO3H species are abundant in mouse liver and enzymatically regulated by the glutathione and thioredoxin systems and (ii) deletion of the thioredoxin-related protein TRP14 in mice altered CysSSH levels on a subset of proteins, predicting a role for TRP14 in persulfide signaling. Furthermore, selenium supplementation, polysulfide treatment, or knockdown of TRP14 mediated cellular responses to EGF, suggesting a role for TrxR1/TRP14-regulated oxidative persulfidation in growth factor responsiveness.

Effects of orthotic therapeutic electrical stimulation in the treatment of patients with paresis associated with acute cervical spinal cord injury: a randomized control trial.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of orthotic therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) on the hand in patients with paresis associated with acute cervical spinal cord injury. SETTING: Spinal Injuries Center, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: The study included patients treated for spinal cord injuries (Frankel classification, grades B and C) at our institution within 1 week post injury between May 2011 and December 2014. The patients were allocated randomly to TES and control groups at the time of admission and underwent TES+conventional training or conventional training alone, respectively. Both hands of each patient were treated in the same way. The primary outcome was total passive motion (TPM) of the fingers (degrees). The secondary outcomes were edema (cm) and the upper-extremity motor scores of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). After randomization, outcomes were assessed at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months post injury in both groups. RESULTS: Twenty-nine individuals were assessed at 3 months (15, TES; 14, control). There were no significant between-group differences for TPM of the fingers, edema and upper-extremity motor scores at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after injury, although TPM of the fingers tended to be lower in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear from the results of this study whether TES has a therapeutic effect on TPM, edema or the upper-extremity motor score of the ISNCSCI. The results of this study provide useful data for future meta-analyses.

Argatroban more effectively inhibits the thrombin activity in synovial fluid than naturally occurring thrombin inhibitors.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the precise effect of argatroban on the inhibition of cytokine secretion induced by thrombin on synovial cells. The efficiency of thrombin inactivation by thrombin inhibitors was evaluated in human synovial fluids (SFs). In SFs from 13 osteoarthritis (OA) and 11 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, thrombin, Factor Xa (FXa), plasmin activity, IL-6, MMP-3, VEGF, and D-dimer concentrations were measured. Tissue factor (TF) activity or IL-6, MMP-3, and VEGF secretion of human synovial cells with or without thrombin and argatroban were measured. The efficiency of thrombin inactivation in SFs was compared for thrombin inhibitors: argatroban, antithrombin III (ATIII), or heparin cofactor II (HCII). In SFs, thrombin, FXa, plasmin, D-dimer, IL-6, and MMP-3 were significantly higher in RA than in OA. In synovial cell experiments, TNF-alpha and thrombin enhanced TF activity on the cell surface, and IL-6, MMP-3, and VEGF secretion were enhanced by thrombin. Increased TF activity, and IL-6, MMP-3, and VEGF secretion induced by thrombin were inhibited by argatroban. In SFs, argatroban inactivated thrombin more effectively than ATIII or HCII. Since thrombin plays an important role in the disease activity of OA and RA, it is a potential therapeutic molecular target. Argatroban was the most effective anticoagulant to inhibit thrombin activity in SF. Intra-articular injection is ideal administration because it can deliver high dose of argatroban without high risk of systematic complication.

Serial changes in cerebral blood flow and flow-metabolism uncoupling in primates with acute thromboembolic stroke.

The authors recently developed a primate thromboembolic stroke model. To characterize the primate model, the authors determined serial changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the relation between CBF and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) using high-resolution positron emission tomography. Thromboembolic stroke was produced in male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 4). Acute obstruction of the left middle cerebral artery was achieved by injecting an autologous blood clot into the left internal carotid artery. Cerebral blood flow was measured with [15O]H2O before and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after embolization. CMRglc was measured with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) 24 hours after embolization. Lesion size and location 24 hours after embolization was determined by the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method. The results are summarized as follows: (1) 1 hour after embolization, CBF in the temporal cortex and the basal ganglia decreased to < 40% of the contralateral values. In these regions, regarded as an ischemic core, CBF decreased further with time and CMRglc at 24 hours also decreased. Infarcted lesions as indicated by being unstained with TTC were consistently observed in these regions. (2) In the parietal cortex and several regions surrounding the ischemic core, CBF was > 40% of the contralateral values 1 hour after embolization and recovered gradually with time (ischemic penumbra). In these regions, CMRglc at 24 hours increased compared with that in the contralateral regions, indicating an uncoupling of CBF and CMRglc. No obvious TTC-unstained lesions were detected in these regions. The authors demonstrated a gradual recovery of reduced CBF, an elevated CMRglc and a CBF-CMRglc uncoupling in the penumbra regions of the primate model. Positron emission tomography investigations using this model will provide better understanding of the pathophysiology of thromboembolic stroke in humans.

Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine 'Inchinko-to' (TJ-135) on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.

Inchinko-to (TJ-135) is a herbal medicine consisting of three kinds of crude drugs, and in Japan it is administered mainly to patients with cholestasis. The present study evaluated the effects of TJ-135 on concanavalin A (con A)-induced hepatitis in mice in vivo and con A-induced cytokine production in vitro. When mice were pretreated with oral TJ-135 for 1 week before intravenous con A injection, the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased 8 h after con A administration (-82%, -96% and -66% respectively). In histological investigations, sub-massive hepatic necrosis accompanying inflammatory cell infiltration was not observed in mice pretreated with TJ-135. Serum levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 were significantly lower in mice pretreated with TJ-135 compared with controls, while IL-10 levels were higher in these mice. Intrasplenic IL-12 levels were significantly lower in mice pretreated with TJ-135, while intrasplenic IL-10 levels were higher in these mice. In vitro, IL-10 production by splenocytes was increased by the addition of TJ-135 to the culture medium, whereas the production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma was inhibited. These results suggest that con A-induced hepatitis was ameliorated by pretreatment with TJ-135. With regard to the mechanism of these effects of TJ-135, we speculate that TJ-135 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokine and enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore administration of TJ-135 may be useful in patients with severe acute hepatitis accompanying cholestasis or in those with autoimmune hepatitis.

Specific localization of the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I-immunoreactivity in the human brain.

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GCH) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, the cofactor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our previous study reported the presence of GCH in several neuronal groups in animal brains using a newly raised anti-GCH antibody. The present study aims at elucidating whether GCH and TH coexist in the same neurons of the human brain with the aid of immunohistochemical dual labeling. GCH-immunoreactivity was observed in the cell bodies and fibers of monoaminergic neurons of the human brain. Neurons which contain both enzymes are seen in the human substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, and zona incerta. In these regions, almost all the cells also show immunoreactivity for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the second step enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, indicating that these neurons are catecholaminergic. However, some neurons in the dorsal and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei are stained only for GCH or TH. They appear to constitute an independent cell group in the human brain. The present observation suggests that L-dopa is not produced in the cells immunoreactive for TH but not for GCH, and that TH in these cells which lack GCH may have an unidentified role other than dopa synthesis.

Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9) on interleukin-12 production in patients with HCV-positive liver cirrhosis.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an important cytokine for maintenance of normal systemic defense and bioregulation. The Japanese herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) has been administered to 1.5 million Japanese patients with chronic liver diseases. TJ-9 is known to significantly suppress cancer development in the liver and has macrobiotic effects. In the present study, we examined the in vitro production of IL-12 by circulating mononuclear cells from liver cirrhosis patients and the effects of TJ-9 on IL-12 production. The monocyte/macrophage fraction and the lymphocyte fraction of peripheral blood were obtained from 11 HCV-positive liver cirrhosis patients and 12 healthy subjects. Interleukin-12 levels in the supernatants were measured using ELISA kits. The levels of IL-12 produced by the patients' fractions were significantly lower than those produced by healthy subjects (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). However, when TJ-9 was added to the cultures, the IL-12 production levels in both cell fractions increased approximately three fold, and the levels from the monocyte/macrophage fraction were almost the same as those from healthy subjects. This effect of TJ-9 was attributable to two of its seven herb components, that is, scutellaria root and glycyrrhiza root. One possible mechanism for the macrobiotic effects of TJ-9 on liver cirrhosis patients may be the improvement in IL-12 production.

Change of temperature in mouse tumour tissue immersed in a water bath at 44 degrees C.

We investigated the change in temperature in tumour and normal tissues of mice when immersed in a water bath at 44.0 degrees C as part of a series of studies of hyperthermia. The right hind legs of the mice bearing the experimental tumour sarcoma 180 were immersed in the water bath, and measurements were performed using the multi-thermocouple thermosensor from a radiofrequency (RF) generator every 24 sec with a precision of 0.1 degrees C. The temperature in all tumour tissues exceeded 43.0 degrees C only at 1 min 24 sec after immersion of the limbs. The rise in temperature then reached a plateau phase, and was maintained around 44.0 degrees C. However, we found that the temperature of the normal tissue was about 0.6 degrees C lower than that of the tumour tissue or the tissue around the tumour at the plateau phase.

Attenuation of monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits by a neutralizing antibody against interleukin-8.

Accumulating evidence implicates interleukin-8 (IL-8) as an essential mediator in neutrophil-mediated acute inflammation. Neutrophils have also been shown to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute gouty arthritis. Thus, we investigate the pathophysiological role of IL-8 in an experimental model of acute gout, monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits. The injection of MSU crystals into knee joints caused a marked swelling of joints. Concomitantly, the infiltration ofleukocytes, mostly neutrophils, was observed in synovial membrane and synovial fluids. The injection of MSU crystals also induced an elevation in synovial fluid IL-8 levels preceding neutrophil infiltration into synovial fluids, without an accompanying increase in plasma IL-8 levels. Immunoreactive IL-8 protein was detected in synovial lining cells at 12-24 h after the injection. IL-8 protein was also observed in infiltrated leukocytes in synovium as early as 3-24 h after the injection. Finally, the intraarticular injection of a neutralizing anti-IL-8 antibody significantly attenuated the crystal-induced joint swelling that occurred at 12 h, and neutrophil infiltration into arthritic joints at 12 and 24 h after the induction. These results provide evidence on the pathogenic roles of locally produced IL-8 in MSU crystal-induced gouty arthritis.

In vitro effects of sho-saiko-to on production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C.

During the past 2 years, drug-induced interstitial pneumonia was reported in 66 Japanese patients, mainly among chronic hepatitis C patients, undergoing treatment with the Japanese herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9). As interstitial pneumonia is also induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), we examined the effects of TJ-9 on G-CSF production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In patients with hepatitis B or C, G-CSF production in the absence of any stimulation was significantly lower than healthy controls (p < 0.01). G-CSF production increased along with the increase of TJ-9 levels, and this could induce excessive production of G-CSF in hepatitis C patients, and this may be a cause of interstitial pneumonia.

Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9) on in vitro interleukin-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic hepatitis C.

"Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9) consists of 7 herbal components. In Japan, it is widely prescribed to patients with chronic viral liver disease. TJ-9 is known to suppress liver cancer development and possess macrobiotic effects, but its mode of action is not fully understood. This study investigated the following: 1) cytokine production levels, mainly interleukin (IL)-10, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic active hepatitis B and C patients, and healthy volunteers; 2) effects of TJ-9 on these productions; and 3) effects of each of its herb components on cytokine production in cell fractions. Results showed that without stimulants, IL-10 production in mononuclear cells of hepatitis B and C patients was significantly lower than that of healthy subjects (P < .01). IL-10 production induced by either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in mononuclear cells of hepatitis C patients were significantly lower than in patients with hepatitis B (P < .01) and healthy subjects (P < .05). IL-10 production induced by anti-CD3 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly lower than in healthy subjects (P < .05). The addition of TJ-9 to the cultures strongly induced IL-10, and this induction was mainly attributable to the effects of 2 components (scutellaria root and glycyrrhiza root) on the monocyte/macrophage fraction. The production of IL-4 and IL-5 in cultures with concanavalin A (conA) was significantly higher in patients with hepatitis C than in the healthy subjects (P < .01; P < .05), but the addition of TJ-9 suppressed these increases by 25% to 33% (P < .01). Therefore, TJ-9 could adjust the decreased IL-10 production and the increased IL-4 and IL-5 production of mononuclear cells from patients with hepatitis C. Moderate regulation of the cytokine production system in patients with hepatitis C by using TJ-9 may be useful in the prevention of disease progression.

[The preventive effect of weekly high-dose 5-FU infusion (WHF) after resection of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer].

Hepatic metastasis is often found even after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. This implies that the micrometastasis already existed in residual liver when the resection was performed, and so complete recovery with resection alone is rare. We have been using a weekly high-dose 5-FU HAI (WHF = 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2/5 hrs/qw) since 1991, which has preventive effects for metastasis in residual liver as compared to a group treated without infusion chemotherapy. Hepatectomy was performed in 30 of 113 cases of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer during the past 16 years. For comparison, we divided the 30 cases into group A1 (16 cases H1:12, H2:4), which received hepatectomy only, and group A2 (14 cases H1:8, H2:4, H3:2), which additionally received infusion chemotherapy. The 1- and 3-year (cumulative) survival rates were 64.6% and 32.3% in group A1, and 100% and 75.3% in group A2 respectively in which the treatment outcome was significantly higher. The 1- and 3-year recurrence rates were 41.7 and 66.3 in group A1, and 8.3% each in group A2, respectively, which reveals that metastasis in residual liver was controlled in group A2. Other metastases were seen in lung (6 cases), bone (2 cases), hepatic hilar lymph node (3 cases), brain (1 case) and local (3 cases) in group A1, while only one metastasis in each brain and locally was seen in group A2 so far. WHF after resection of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer has a preventive effect not only for the recurrence in residual liver but also for other metastases. Therefore, as improvement in the survival rate is expected.

Herbal medicine 'Sho-saiko-to' induces tumour necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

'Sho-saiko-to' (TJ-9) is a Japanese herbal medicine that is commonly administered to patients with chronic viral liver disease in order to improve their overall physical condition and to prevent the development of liver cancer, The present in vitro study demonstrated that, by adding TJ-9 to cell cultures, there were dose-dependent increases in production levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by liver cirrhosis. Increases in the production of TNF-alpha and G-CSF in control cell cultures exposed to different herbal medicines were low, and this indicates the specificity of the response increases in production of these cytokines to TJ-9. TNF-alpha and G-CSF are known to play important roles in the biological defence mechanism. Administration of TJ-9 may, therefore, be beneficial for patients afflicted with intractable liver diseases because it could mildly induce these cytokines.

[Randomized controlled study on adjuvant immunochemotherapy with carmofur (HCFU) for noncuratively resected and unresected gastric cancer].

To evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy, especially the long-term administration of HCFU to patients with noncuratively resected and unresected gastric cancer, a randomized controlled study was conducted by 16 institutions in Hokkaido. After surgery, 185 patients were divided into two groups using the envelope method; group A (84 patients) treated by MMC (4 mg, twice a week, total 1 mg/kg)+OK-432 (or PSK): group B (101 patients) treated with MMC+OK-432+HCFU (600 mg, per day). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 9.8 and 3.1% in group A, and 11.1 and 11.1% in group B (p=0.062). Better survival rates were obtained in those cases with unresected, S3, or peritoneal dissemination in group B. These results suggested the long-term administration of HCFU was effective for noncuratively resected and unresected gastric cancer.

Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine 'Sho-saiko-to' as a cytokine inducer.

The herbal medicine, Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9), has been widely prescribed to chronic viral liver disease patients in Japan. This study examined the inductions of such sytokines as interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), on some fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by TJ-9 and each of its seven components. IL-1ß, TNF-α, and G-CSF were highly induced by scutellaria root and glycyrrhiza root on monocytes/macrophages. By repeating the same experiments using taxol (an LPS antagonist)-treated substances, authors confirmed that these inductions were not attributable to the presence of quite low LPS in TJ-9 solution, and the cytokine inductions are the specific effect of TJ-9. Because TJ-9's macrobiotic effect in liver cirrhosis patients has been proven statistically in an etiological study, TJ-9 could be a new important therapy in chronic liver diseases.

[Preventive chemotherapy for residual liver after resection of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer].

We compared 12 cases treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy (group A), with 15 cases only undergoing the usual hepatectomy (June 1991-February 1995). Six cases in group A were H1, 4 were H2, and 2 were H3; 12 cases in group B were H1, and 3 were H2. In both groups, primary lesions were removed. All cases received high-dose intermittent 5-FU infusion (WHF) at 1,000 mg/m2 via a reservoir for 5 hours a week at the outpatient clinic. Cumulative survival rates for 1 and 3 years are 100% and 68.6%, respectively, in group A, and 58.7% and 25.2% in group B, which indicates the treatment outcome in group A was significantly better. Recurrence in residual liver was not found in group A except for one case whose tumor was unremoved, but it was found in 8 cases (53.3%) in group B up to this writing. CEA value after resection in group A was within the normal range except for one case with a local recurrence. It seems that intra-arterial 5-FU infusion chemotherapy for residual liver after resection of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer has a preventive effect on residual liver, and the improvement of the cumulative survival rate can be expected.

Effects of ACTH treatment on cerebral phosphorus metabolites in infants with the West syndrome.

Concentrations of phosphorus metabolites in brains of 4 infants with the West syndrome were measured by 31P MRS before and during ACTH treatment. Although intracellular pH, phosphocreatine/ATP ratio and phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio in the patients were similar to those in the controls and did not change after the ACTH treatment, phosphomonoesters/phosphodiesters ratio in the patients always decreased with ACTH treatment. These results indicate that ACTH may accelerate the maturation of phospholipids metabolism in infant brains, and the observed change may relate to the efficacy of ACTH treatment against the West syndrome.

[Intra-arterial chemotherapy with 5-FU (weekly high dose 5-FU HAI) for the prevention of tumor recurrence in residual liver after hepatic resection of metastasis from colorectal cancer].

Intra-arterial cancer chemotherapy using an implantable reservoir was performed for the prevention of tumor recurrence in residual liver after resection of a metastatic tumor from colorectal cancer. Four cases of synchronous hepatic metastases and one case of metachronous hepatic metastasis, which were in H1 (2 cases) and H2 (3 cases), were treated. 5-FU was administered in a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 5 hours weekly (weekly high dose 5-FU HAI). The longest survival obtained is 1Y 11M. Other cases have survived for 1Y 7M, 1Y 12M, 9M, and 3M. Tumor recurrence was not observed in all cases except one. This case had a residual tumor because the complete resection was impossible. The tumor recurrence rate in patients treated with surgery alone at Nikko Memorial Hospital (n = 11) was 63.6%. The 1- and 2-year survival rate in these patients was 60.6% and 26.9%, respectively. As compared to these rates, the results of this study were very favorable. Although mild nausea and abdominal discomfort were observed in 1 patient, this adverse effect was reduced by administration of an anti-ulcer agent. Only a slight decrease of WBC and PLT counts was observed. Consequently, for residual liver after resection of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer, this intraarterial chemotherapy with 5-FU is considered to be effective to prevent tumor recurrence and thus to prolong survival.

Efficacy of a herbal medicine "sho-saiko-to" on the improvement of impaired cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

Peripheral blood samples were collected from normal subjects and chronic viral hepatitis patients, and the in vitro capability of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce various cytokine (interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) were analyzed by adding pokeweed mitogen. We then investigated the effects of a herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" on the levels of cytokine production. The production levels of the 4 cytokines were significantly lower in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients (Patient Group) than in those of normal subjects (Control Group). The addition of Sho-saiko-to to the Patient Group resulted in improved productions of those cytokines, as well as an remarkable improvement of interleukin-1 beta production. The results demonstrated that Sho-saiko-to acts to improve such immunological abnormalities as decreased cytokine productions. Administration of Sho-saiko-to to chronic viral hepatitis patients is also expected to have immunological benefits.

Herbal medicine "sho-saiko-to" induces in vitro granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production on peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang)" has been used in China for about 3000 years for the treatment of pyretic diseases. This medicine is now available as one of the prescribing drugs approved by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, and has also been widely used for patients with chronic viral liver disease as one of biological response modifiers in the field of Japan's Western Medicine. However, its mode of action has not been fully described. In the present in vitro study, we added "Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9, Tsumura, Tokyo) to the culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from healthy volunteers, and observed a dose-dependent increase in the production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The same experiment was conducted using other herbal medicines "Dai-saiko-to" (TJ-8) and "Saiko-keishi-to" (TJ-10) which showed similar effects, or "Sho-seiryu-to" (TJ-19) which consists of very different compounds and shows different efficacy. The increases of G-CSF production were similar when "Sho-saiko-to" (TJ-9) or one of the 2 reference drugs (TJ-8 and 10) was added, whereas the increase when the control drug "Sho-seiryu-to" (TJ-19) was added, was quite small. This result shows that G-CSF induction is not a common effect of herbal medicines, but a specific effect of TJ-8, 9, and 10. Among these 3 drugs the increase produced by "Sho-saiko-to" was the largest. Based on this result, we conclude that administration of "Sho-saiko-to" may be useful not only for the treatment of chronic liver disease, but also for malignant diseases and acute infectious diseases where G-CSF is efficacious.