Effects of genotype, wilting, and additives on the nutritive value and fermentation of bermudagrass silage.

Bermudagrass is the main warm-season grass species used for livestock production in the southeastern United States; however, when it is ensiled, the silage fermentation parameters are often less than desirable. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of management practices on the nutritive value and fermentation characteristics of bermudagrass silage. In Exp. 1, treatments were the factorial combinations of 2 bermudagrass genotypes, 'Jiggs' () and 'Tifton 85' ( sp.), 4 additives, and 2 DM concentrations at ensiling. The additives were 1) untreated control (deionized water), 2) Ecosyl, 3) B500, or 4) sugarcane molasses. The 2 DM concentrations at ensiling were low DM (22% DM) or high DM (53% DM). Treatments were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Silage treated with molasses had a lesser ( < 0.05) pH and greater ( < 0.01) lactate concentrations than the control, Ecosyl, and B500 in silage with low DM concentrations and greater ( < 0.01) in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and lesser ( < 0.01) ADF concentrations than the other treatments at either DM concentration. Silage treated with B500 had the greatest ( < 0.01) aerobic stability, whereas that treated with molasses had the least aerobic stability. However, all treatments presented long aerobic stability (≥150 h). Jiggs had lesser ( < 0.01) ADF and NDF and NDF digestibility (NDFD) concentrations than Tifton 85 and Tifton 85 had greater ( < 0.01) IVTD than Jiggs in the silage with a high DM concentration. In Exp. 2, Jiggs silage treated with either molasses (20 g molasses [DM]/kg forage [as-fed basis]) or nothing (control, untreated silage) was fed to 16 beef heifers ( sp.) in individual drylot pens in a completely randomized design with 8 replicates for voluntary DMI, in vivo apparent DM digestibility, and NDFD evaluations. There were no differences ( = 0.36) among treatments in NDFD; however, there was a trend ( < 0.08) for greater in vivo apparent DM digestibility and DMI in heifers fed the molasses-treated silage. Microbial inoculants had decreased effects on Jiggs and Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage ensiled at a low DM concentration; however, adding molasses was an effective management practice to improve its nutritive value and fermentation characteristics.

Atividade antagonista do óleo essencial de Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae) sobre Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood / Antagonist activity of the essential oil Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae) on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood

RESUMO O controle de fitonematóides é uma tarefa difícil. A alta infestação de nematoides no solo obriga os produtores a usarem doses mais elevadas de nematicidas, ou ainda, a aumentarem a freqüência das aplicações, geralmente no solo, ocasionando maior potencial de dano ao homem e ao ambiente. Além disso, nematicidas convencionais vêm sofrendo grandes restrições de uso em muitos países. Desse modo, a busca de novas medidas de controle de fitonematóides é uma prioridade da agricultura sustentável. Desta forma, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de óleos essenciais de Lippia Alba, na mortalidade de juvenis pré-parasitas do segundo estádio de Meloidogyne incognita. O ensaio foi montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3×4 (3 quimiotipos x 4 concentrações) empregando-se três diferentes quimiotipos de L. Alba (I, II, III) nas concentrações de 0, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm, coletados em diferentes horas do dia (7, 9, 13, 16 e 19h). Os dados coletados (% de mortalidade) foram submetidos à análise de variância e os valores médios comparados por meio do teste de Tukey. Foi possível concluir que Lippia alba contém, em seu óleo essencial, compostos com efeitos significativos na mortalidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita. Dessa forma, é importante destacar que o acentuado efeito nematicida do óleo essencial de L. alba sugere a possibilidade de seu uso no controle de M. incognita.

ABSTRACT The control of nematodes is difficult. The high infestation of nematodes in the soil requires the producers use higher doses of nematicides, increasing the frequency of applications, usually in soil, causing negative effects to humans and the environment. Furthermore, conventional nematicides have suffered great use restrictions in many countries. Thus, the search for new measures to control nematodes is a priority of sustainable agriculture. Thus, the objective of this study was available the effect of essential oils from Lippia Alba against Meloidogyne incognita. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial 3x4 (3 chemotypes and 4 concentrations) using three different chemotypes of L. Alba (I, II, III) at concentrations of 0, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm, collected in different times of day (7 AM, 9 AM, 1 PM, 4 PM e 7 PM). The data collected (% mortality) were subjected to analysis of variance and mean values were compared using the Tukey test. It was able to conclude that L. alba contains in its essential oil, compounds with significant effects on mortality of M. incognita. Thus, it is important to note that the greatest nematicide effect of essential oil of L. alba suggests the possibility of its use to control M. incognita.

Plantas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeiras, semiárido piauiense / Medicinal plants used in rural communities from Oeiras Municipality, in the semi-arid region of Piauí State (PI), Brazil

O estudo foi realizado no período de fevereiro de 2007 a maio de 2008, em vinte e uma comunidades rurais do município de Oeiras (07º00'54''S e 42º08'06''W), localizadas em área de transição vegetacional Caatinga/Cerrado, onde predomina a Caatinga. Objetivou-se conhecer as plantas tradicionalmente utilizadas pela população com fins terapêuticos. As coletas botânicas seguiram metodologia usual e os exemplares identificados foram incorporados ao acervo do Herbário Graziela Barroso (TEPB). Como procedimento metodológico realizou-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com formulários padronizados a 20 moradores indicados por líderes comunitários locais como pessoas de reconhecido saber, que acompanharam as coletas. As espécies citadas foram agrupadas em de17 categorias de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos através do cálculo da Importância Relativa (IR) para cada espécie e do Fator de Consenso dos Informantes (FCI). Assim, identificou-se 167 etnoespécies, distribuídas em 59 famílias botânicas e 143 gêneros, sendo 65,86 por cento nativas. As famílias com maior representatividade em número de espécies foram a Leguminosae (28) e a Euphorbiaceae (18). Os gêneros mais representativos foram Croton L. (9), Senna Mill. (5), Jatropha L. e Solanum L. (4). Caesalpinia ferrea Mart., Ximenia americana L., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allem. e Lippia alba L., obtiveram os maiores valores de IR de 1,79; 1,86; 1,21; 1,14; respectivamente. Salienta-se a elevada frequência de usos terapêuticos destas espécies, concentradas no tratamento dos transtornos do sistema respiratório (56 espécies) e das doenças infecciosas intestinais, hepáticas e helmintíases (65), sendo gripe e diarréia as doenças mais citadas. A folha é a parte do vegetal mais utilizada na medicina caseira local (31,5 por cento dos casos) e as formas de preparo mais utilizadas são a decocção (32,2 por cento dos casos) seguida por infusão (23,8 por cento). Estes dados possibilitam ...

This study was performed between February 2007 and May 2008 in twenty-one rural communities from Oeiras Municipality (07º00'54''S and 42º08'06''W) located in a transition area of Caatinga/Cerrado vegetation, where Caatinga predominates. The aim was to know the plants traditionally used for therapeutic purposes by the population. The botanical harvests followed the usual methodology and the identified specimens were incorporated into the collection from the Herbarium Graziela Barroso (TEPB). As methodological procedure, semi-structured interviews by using standardized forms were done with 20 dwellers indicated by local community leaders as people presenting notorious knowledge and who accompanied the harvests. The cited species were grouped into 17 categories, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Quantitative data were obtained by calculating the relative importance (RI) for each species and the informant consensus factor (ICF). We identified 167 ethnospecies, distributed into 59 botanical families and 143 genera, from which 65.86 percent were native. The most representative families in number of species were Leguminosae (28) and Euphorbiaceae (18). The most representative genera were Croton L. (9), Senna Mill. (5), Jatropha L. and Solanum L. (4). Caesalpinia ferrea Mart., Ximenia americana L., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allem. and Lippia alba L. had the highest RI values: 1.79, 1.86, 1.21 and 1.14, respectively. It must be emphasized the high therapeutic use of these species, mainly for the treatment of respiratory system disorders (56 species) and intestinal, hepatic and helminthic infectious diseases (65), from which flu and diarrhea were the most cited. The leaf is the most used plant part in the local folk medicine (31.5 percent of cases). The most frequently used preparation procedures are decoction (32.2 percent of cases) and infusion (23.8 percent). These data allow inferring that dwellers of rural communities have knowledge about the plants ...