Mammalian expression vectors for metabolic biotinylation tandem affinity tagging by co-expression in cis of a mammalian codon-optimized BirA biotin ligase.

ΟBJECTIVE: To construct mammalian expression vectors for the N- or C-terminal tagging of proteins with a tandem affinity tag comprised of the biotinylatable Avi tag and of a triple FLAG tag. RESULTS: We constructed and tested by transient transfections mammalian expression vectors for the co-expression from a single plasmid of N- or C-terminally tagged proteins bearing a tandem affinity tag comprised of the biotinylatable Avi tag and of a triple FLAG tag separated by a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site, together with a mammalian codon-optimized BirA biotin ligase fused to green fluorescent protein. We also describe platform vectors for the N- or C-terminal AVI-TEV-FLAG tagging of any complementary DNA of choice. These vectors offer versatility and efficiency in the application of metabolic biotinylation tandem affinity tagging of nuclear proteins in mammalian cells.

Use of in vivo biotinylation for chromatin immunoprecipitation.

This unit describes a system for expression of biotinylated proteins in mammalian cells in vivo, and its application to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The system is based on co-expression of the target protein fused to a short biotin acceptor domain, together with the biotinylating enzyme BirA from Escherichia coli. The superior strength of the biotin-avidin interaction in the modified ChIP protocol presented here allows one to employ more stringent washing conditions, resulting in a better signal/noise ratio. Methods for interpreting the data obtained from ChIP samples analyzed by qPCR, and methods for testing the efficiency of biotinylation using a streptavidin gel-shift are also presented. In addition, a complementary method, based on isothermal multiple strand displacement amplification (IMDA) of circular concatemers generated from the DNA fragments obtained after ChIP, is described. This method helps to decrease bias in DNA amplification and is useful for the analysis of complex mixtures of DNA fragments typically generated in miniscale ChIP experiments.

Use of protein biotinylation in vivo for immunoelectron microscopic localization of a specific protein isoform.

Tagging of proteins in vivo by covalent attachment of a biotin moiety has emerged as a new prospective tool for protein detection and purification. Previously, we established a strategy for expression of in vivo biotinylated proteins in mammalian cells. It is based on coexpression of the protein of interest fused to a short biotin acceptor peptide and biotin ligase BirA cloned in the same vector. We show here that the in vivo biotinylation can be used for immunogold postembedding labeling in immunoelectron microscopy experiments. We show that immunoelectron microscopy with biotinylated nuclear proteins is compatible with a wide range of postembedding methods, facilitating combination of morphological and localization studies in a single experiment. We also show that the method works in both transient transfection and stable cell line expression protocols and can be used for colocalization studies. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.