Effect of white and yellow cassava root meal diets supplemented with different additives on performance of layers and the quality of eggs laid.

A 30-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of 2 varieties of cassava root meal (CRM) with various additives on performance characteristics of laying birds and the quality of eggs laid. Two hundred and forty 21-week-old (Isa Brown®â€³ strain) laying birds were allotted to 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of white (TME 419) and yellow (ITA/IBD/1368) CRM supplemented with no additive, amino acids (methionine and lysine), enzyme, and amino acids + enzyme (AA + Enz). The experiment was partitioned in 3 phases: 0-10 weeks, 11-20 weeks, and 21-30 weeks in lay. Variety effect showed improved (p < 0.05) egg production in layers fed with yellow cassava than those fed the white variety. Supplementing yellow cassava root meal (YCRM) and white cassava root meal (WCRM) with AA + Enz from 0 to 10weeks in lay and 11 to 30weeks in lay, respectively, resulted in superior egg production performance at a reduced cost. Feeding the layers with diets containing the two varieties of cassava, with or without additives at the three phases of lay, did not compromise the quality of eggs produced and YCRM did not improve the egg yolk colour. It was concluded that egg production was improved by diets containing YCRM at the 3 phases of lay, and WCRM supplemented with AA + Enz improved egg production only from 11 weeks in lay. The 2 varieties of cassava root meal and the various additives used did not affect the quality of the eggs laid by the layers.

In ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching and post hatch performance of thermally challenged broiler chickens during incubation.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects in ovo injection of black cumin (BC) extract on chick's quality and response of thermally challenged broiler chickens. A total of 700 hatching eggs of broiler chickens (Marshall) were assigned to 7 treatments of 100 eggs each and incubated using the conventional protocol (37.8°C) for the first 10 d and then exposed to a high temperature (39.6°C) for 6 h daily from day 10 until day 18 of the incubation. At embryonic day 17.5, the eggs were randomly allotted to 7 treatment groups, viz.: eggs without in ovo injection (WA), eggs injected with 0.9% saline solution (SA), 3 mg ascorbic acid (AA), 2 mg BC (TB), 4 mg BC (FB), 6 mg BC (SB), and 8 mg BC (EB) extracts. Experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design. After hatching, the chicks were reared separately according to in ovo treatments for 8 wk. Data were collected on hatchability, chick quality, internal organs, growth performance, plasma superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and triiodothyronine (T3). The results showed that the hatchability of the eggs in the AA group was similar to that of SB eggs and higher than that of the other treatment groups. The intestinal weights of SB and EB birds were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of TB, SA, and WA. The final weights of the birds of SB and AA were higher (P < 0.05) than those of other treatments. The feed conversion ratio of the birds of TB and FB was comparable to that of EB and WA but higher than that of SB and AA. At hatch, the creatinine of the birds in SA and WA was similar to that of EB, FB, and TB but higher (P < 0.05) than that of AA and SB. Also, the plasma malondialdehyde, T3, and superoxide dismutase of SB and AA birds were better (P < 0.05) than those of the control groups. Overall, it was concluded that 6 mg of BC extract improved the antioxidant status and posthatch performance of thermally challenged broiler chickens.

Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E, selenium yeast or both on egg incubation response, embryonic development, keet quality, and posthatch growth of helmeted guinea fowl breeders.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E (vit. E), selenium yeast (Se yeast), or both on egg incubation response, embryonic development, keet quality, and posthatch growth of helmeted guinea fowls. Two hundred and forty 24-week old helmeted guinea fowl hens (average weight 1.75 + 0.22 kg) and cocks (average weight 2.15 + 0.20 kg) were assigned into 24 pens; each pen housed 10 hens and 2 cocks. There were four dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with vit. E (30 IU/kg), Se yeast (0.3 mg/kg Se), or both. Six pens were assigned to each treatment. Egg incubation response were estimated using 504 settable eggs sampled from each treatment collected during 15 to 17 weeks in lay. A total of 72 fertile eggs sampled from each treatment were used for the estimation of embryonic development. Quality of day-old keets hatched was scored based on physical conditions, while posthatch growth was measured for 21 days. Guinea fowl breeders fed diet supplemented with both vit. E and Se yeast produced the highest (P < 0.05) number of fertile eggs, percentage fertility, number of hatchlings, hatchability of total eggs, and hatchability of fertile eggs. Supplementation with vit. E + Se yeast resulted in the heaviest (P < 0.05) embryo weight, relative embryo weight, least (P < 0.05) yolk sac weight, and relative yolk sac weight on 25 days of incubation. Hatchlings from breeders fed diet supplemented with Se yeast and vit. E + Se yeast showed normal swallowed yolk. Supplementation of maternal diet with vit. E, Se yeast, and vit. E + Se yeast resulted in improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of subsequent hatchlings during 1 to 7-day posthatch growth. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vit. E + Se yeast in guinea fowl breeders resulted in improved egg fertility, hatchability, heavier embryo weights, hatchlings of good quality, and improved posthatch growth during the first 7 days.

Effect of dietary supplementation with phytogenic blend on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broiler chickens.

The effects of dietary supplementation with phytogenic blend (PB) of Aerva lanata, Piper betle, Cynodon dactylon, and Piper nigrum on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora were determined in a 42-day broiler feeding trial. A total of 192 broilers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments (6 replicates and 8 birds/replicate): basal diet, basal diet supplemented with antibiotic (chlortetracycline), 1% and 2% PB, respectively. The body weight gain (BWG) of starter chicks increased linearly (P = 0.023) as dietary supplementation levels of PB increased. At grower phase, broilers fed diet supplemented with 1% PB had similar BWG with the antibiotic group, but other treatments had reduced (P = 0.0001) BWG. Dietary supplementation with 1% PB resulted in the highest (P < 0.0001) BWG during the study. Feed intake was not affected by the treatments during the starter, finisher, and overall rearing periods. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1% PB had the best (P < 0.0001) feed conversion ratio during the study. Overall, broilers fed only basal diet had the highest (P = 0.0450) mortality. Ileal organic matter (OM) digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.044) with broilers fed diet supplemented with PB, but reduced with antibiotic group. Dietary supplementation with 1% PB had the highest (P = 0.0402) ileal digestibility of tryptophan. In the duodenum, broilers fed diet supplemented with PB had longer (P = 0.0006) villi heights than the birds fed only basal diet, but similar with antibiotic group. Broilers fed diet supplemented with PB had longer (P = 0.0064) villi height in the jejunum than the antibiotic group. Bifidobacterium concentration of the cecum content showed a slight increase (P = 0.053) with increasing supplementation levels of PB. In conclusion, the current study shows that dietary supplementation with PB improves growth performance, intestinal morphology, and apparent ileal digestibility of OM and tryptophan in a dose-dependent manner with the best response at 1% inclusion level.

Haematological, biochemical and organ changes in broiler chickens fed varying levels of Morinda lucida (brimstone) leaf meal supplementation in the diets.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Morinda lucida leaf meal (MLLM) on the haematology, biochemical and organ changes of broiler chickens. One hundred and ninety-eight day-old Marshall broiler chicks were completely randomised into 6 treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of three levels of M. lucida leaf meal supplementation (0, 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg) with or without medication. The treatment consisted of both negative (without MLLM and routine medication) and positive (containing no MLLM but with routine medication) control groups while each treatment was replicated thrice. MLLM-supplemented diets and routine medication decreased (p < 0.05) the white blood cell count compared to the negative control. Dietary supplementation with MLLM in combination with normal routine medication increased (p < 0.05) total serum protein when compared with treatment group without MLLM and routine medication. Dietary supplementation with MLLM and routine medication reduced (p < 0.05) serum creatinine concentration of the broiler chickens. Birds fed with 0.2 g/kg MLLM supplement coupled with medication and those on negative control had higher (p < 0.05) creatinine values. Serum enzyme activities reduced (p < 0.05) following supplementation. MLLM supplementation recorded no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the liver, kidney, heart and gizzard. M. lucida leaf meal can be compared to routine medication for improved health status of broiler chickens. Dietary inclusion with 0.1 g/kg MLML combined with routine medication could be used in producing healthy and safe chickens.

Nutrient availability of different batches of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles with and without exogenous enzymes for broiler chickens.

Wheat distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are being used increasingly in the poultry feed industry but their nutritional value is variable. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of batch to batch variation of wheat DDGS produced by the same manufacturer on the growth performance, dietary N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), energy conversion ratio (ECR), total tract dry matter retention (DMR), nitrogen retention (NR) and fat digestibility (FD) coefficients when fed to broilers in complete diets with and without enzyme supplementation. Six UK wheat DDGS samples, produced by a single manufacturer, were used in a broiler experiment. Six diets containing 150 g/kg of each selected wheat DDGS sample were mixed. Each diet was then split into two batches and one of them was supplemented with commercial enzyme preparation, providing 1220 units xylanase and 152 units of ß-glucanase/kg diet, resulting in 12 experimental diets. Each diet was fed ad libitum to five pens of two male Ross 308 broilers from 7 to 21 d old. Enzyme supplementation improved dietary AMEn, DMR, NR (P < 0.001) and FD (P < 0.05) compared to non-supplemented diets. There was DDGS sample by enzyme interaction (P < 0.05) on daily weight gain and ECR. The results suggest that the variability in AMEn of DDGS samples produced from a single manufacturer is greater than expected compared to the variability of whole wheat samples but substantially lower than expected from wheat DDGS samples from different EU manufacturers. This experiment has shown that the variation in feeding value of wheat DDGS may be explained by the variability in polysaccharide contents.

Growth, nutrient digestibility, ileal digesta viscosity, and energy metabolizability of growing turkeys fed diets containing malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with enzyme or yeast.

Growth, apparent nutrient digestibility, ileal digesta viscosity, and energy metabolizability of growing turkeys fed diets containing malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) supplemented with enzyme or yeast were investigated using 120, 28-day-old male turkeys. Six treatments were laid out in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with three dietary inclusion levels of MSP (0, 50, and 100 g/kg) and supplemented with 200 mg/kg yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or 200 mg/kg of a commercial enzyme. The experiment lasted for the starter (day 28-56) and grower phases (day 57-84) of the birds. Each treatment group consisted of 20 turkeys replicated four times with five birds each. Data were analysed using analysis of variance while polynomial contrast was used to determine the trends (linear and quadratic) of MSP inclusion levels. Irrespective of dietary supplementation with enzyme or yeast, final body weight (BW), total BW gain, and feed intake for turkey poults from day 29-56 was reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing inclusion level of MSP. Dietary supplementation with yeast resulted in increased (p < 0.05) feed intake while enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of the poults. Turkeys fed enzyme-supplemented MSP diets had higher (p < 0.05) BW gain than their counterparts fed yeast-supplemented MSP diets. Apparent ash digestibility reduced linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of MSP. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) with MSP inclusion levels. Enzyme supplementation reduced (p < 0.05) ileal viscosity but had no effect (p > 0.05) on AME. Inclusion of MSP resulted in poor growth performance. This confirms earlier studies that utilization of MSP by poultry is rather poor. Supplementation with enzyme or yeast did not lead to any appreciable improvement in performance of turkeys in this study.

Effect of dietary supplementation with clay-based binders on biochemical and histopathological changes in organs of turkey fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diets.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with molecular or nano-clay binders on biochemical and histopathological examination of organs of turkeys fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Two hundred and sixteen unsexed 1-day-old British United Turkeys were randomly allotted to nine diets in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of diets supplemented with no toxin binder, molecular toxin binder (MTB) and nano-clay toxin binder, each contaminated with 0, 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B1 respectively. There were three replicates per treatment with eight turkeys per replicate. Biochemical analyses, organ weights and histopathological changes of some organs were examined at the end of the study which lasted for 84 days. Turkeys fed diets supplemented with molecular and nano-binders showed higher (p < 0.001) total serum protein, reduced (p < 0.001) serum uric acid and GGT concentration values when compared with those fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets supplemented with no binder. Turkeys fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets supplemented with no binder had increased (p < 0.001) AST and ALT concentration when compared with other treatments. The heaviest (p < 0.001) liver and intestinal weight was noticed with turkeys fed diets supplemented with no binder and contaminated with 110 ppb aflatoxin B1 . Pathologically, there was no visible morphological alteration noticed in all turkeys fed uncontaminated diets and nano-clay-supplemented group. Hepatic paleness, hepatomegaly and yellowish discolouration of the liver were observed with turkeys fed diets containing no binder but contaminated with 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B1. Intestinal histopathological changes such as goblet cell hyperplasia, villous atrophy and diffuse lymphocytic enteritis were more prominent in turkeys fed diets containing no toxin binder and MTB. In conclusion, there were improved biochemical parameters and reduced deleterious effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkeys fed diet supplemented with clay binders. However, the improvement was more conspicuous in the nano-clay-supplemented group than molecular clay group.

Bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Mn from Mineral Chelates or Blends of Inorganic Salts in Growing Turkeys Fed with Supplemental Riboflavin and/or Pyridoxine.

An 84-day feeding trial was conducted in growing turkeys to measure the bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Mn from a commercial mineral chelate and corresponding inorganic salts in composite feeds containing supplemental riboflavin (B2) and/or pyridoxine (B6). A total of 320, 28-day-old British United Turkeys (BUT) were assigned to eight dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement comprising two trace mineral sources: chelated trace mineral blend (CTMB) and its corresponding inorganic trace minerals blend (ITMB) fed solely or with supplements of vitamin B2 (8 ppm) or B6 (7 ppm) or 8 ppm B2 + 7 ppm B6. Each treatment was replicated four times with 10 turkeys each. It was observed that turkeys fed with diets supplemented solely with ITMB elicited higher (P < 0.05) Zn excretion than their counterparts fed with diets containing ITMB with supplements of vitamins B2 and/or B6. Manganese retention was lower (P < 0.05) in turkeys fed with diets supplemented solely with ITMB than those fed with diets containing vitamins B2 and/or B6 additives. Combination of CTMB or ITMB with B6 improved (P < 0.05) the concentration of Mn in the liver and Cu in the bone. It was concluded that the minerals in CTMB were more available to the animals than ITMB. Furthermore, vitamins B2 and/or B6 supplementation improved the bioavailability of the inorganic Cu, Zn and Mn in growing turkeys and tended to reduce the concentration of these trace elements in birds' excreta.

Effects of dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding Bacillus subtilis on gut morphology, cecal microflora, and intestinal immune response of Linwu ducks.

The effects of dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding Bacillus subtilis on gut morphology, cecal microflora, and expression of intestinal cytokine mRNA of Linwu ducks (a Chinese local domesticated duck) were investigated after a 63-d feeding trial. Two hundred forty 1-d-old female ducklings were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, and there were 60 birds per treatment replicated 6 times with 10 birds each. The experimental diets consisted of a basal diet containing no antibiotic or growth promoters, the basal diet supplemented with 150 mg Aureomycin per kg feed, and 2 others supplemented with 5.0 × 108 and 5.0 × 1010 cfu B. subtilis/kg feed, respectively. Birds fed the diets supplemented with B. subtilis had increased (P < 0.001) villi height in the jejunum and ileum and reduced (P < 0.001) crypt depth in the jejunum compared with birds fed the control diet. Greatest (P < 0.01) villus height:crypt depth ratio was obtained with the jejunum and ileum of birds fed the diet supplemented with 5.0 × 1010 cfu B. subtilis/kg feed. Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis resulted in increased (P < 0.05) cecal counts of Megasphaera elsdenii. Greater cecal Lactobacillus counts were obtained in ducks fed the diets supplemented with Aureomycin and B. subtilis. Ducks fed the diets supplemented with B. subtilis showed suppressed (P < 0.001) expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, and IL-10 in their jejunum. When compared with the control, the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ in the jejunum of ducks fed the diet supplemented with 5.0 × 108 cfu B. subtilis/kg feed was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis or Aureomycin reduced (P < 0.001) ileal expression of IL-10. When compared with the control, the expression of IL-2 and IL-8 in the ileum of ducks fed the diet supplemented with 5.0 × 1010 cfu B. subtilis/kg feed showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding B. subtilis improved gut morphology, increased the population of beneficial gut microflora, and stimulated increased intestinal immune response of Linwu ducks.

Dietary soy isoflavones differentially regulate expression of the lipid-metabolic genes in different white adipose tissues of the female Bama mini-pigs.

Soy isoflavones have been shown to affect lipid metabolism, however the underlying molecular mechanism(s) have not yet been fully understood. The present study, using female Bama mini-pig as a model, examined the effects of soy isoflavones on lipid metabolism and involved gene expression in different white adipose tissues. Female Bama Xiang mini-pigs of 35 days old were fed a basal diet (control, Con), or basal diet supplemented with increasing amounts of soy isoflavones (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg diet) for 120 days. The results showed that soy isoflavones did not affect the body weight, but decreased the dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue (DSA) mass and increased the mass of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASA) and perirenal adipose tissue (PRA). Besides, soy isoflavones decreased the expression of lipogenic genes and increased the expression of lipolytic genes in DSA, while the opposite effects were observed in ASA and PRA. In addition, the expression of lipoprotein lipase was down regulated in DSA while up regulated in ASA and PRA by soy isoflavones. Moreover, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) was up regulated in DSA, and down regulated in ASA and PRA by soy isoflavones. Our results suggest that soy isoflavones affected the lipid metabolism in white adipose tissues of Bama mini-pigs in a site-specific manner, which might be mediated through PPARs and ERs regulated gene expression.

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks.

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250-day-old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre-experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre-experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat-soya bean-based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS-supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.

Effect of dosage and application mode of L-carnitine on plasma lipid and egg-yolk cholesterol of turkeys, hatchability of eggs and post-hatch growth of their offsprings.

The effect of dosage and application mode of L-carnitine on plasma lipid and egg-yolk cholesterol of breeder turkeys, hatchability of eggs and post-hatch growth response was investigated using 180 breeder hens. The hens were assigned to six dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangements of two application modes of L-carnitine (diet and drinking water) supplemented at 0, 50 and 100 ppm (mg/kg or mg/l) levels, respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times with six hens per replicate. Dietary inclusion of 50 ppm L-carnitine showed the lowest (p < 0.01) plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein concentration (LDL). Breeder hens offered 50 ppm L-carnitine with no regard to application mode recorded the highest (p < 0.01) plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Hens offered 50 and 100 ppm L-carnitine irrespective of application mode also showed reduced (p < 0.01) egg-yolk TC concentration at 32 weeks of age. Dietary supplementation of 50 ppm L-carnitine for breeder turkeys recorded the lowest (p < 0.01) egg-yolk triglyceride (TG) at 40 weeks of age. Hens offered 50 ppm L-carnitine irrespective of application mode recorded the highest (p < 0.05) hen-day egg production. Incidence of dead-in-shell also reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing dosage of L-carnitine. Dietary supplementation of 50 ppm and oral application in drinking water of 100 ppm L-carnitine for breeder turkeys resulted in highest (p < 0.05) egg fertility. Offsprings from breeder hens fed diets supplemented with L-carnitine recorded no post-hatch mortality. Highest (p < 0.05) post-hatch final live weight and weight gain was obtained with poults obtained from hens fed diet supplemented with 50 ppm L-carnitine. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 50 ppm L-carnitine for turkey hens showed improved serum lipid profile, egg fertility, reduced dead-in-shell, egg-yolk cholesterol and resulted in improved post-hatch growth performance.

Growth response, nutrient and mineral retention, bone mineralisation and walking ability of broiler chickens fed with dietary inclusion of various unconventional mineral sources.

Growth response, nutrient and mineral retention, bone mineral content and walking ability of broiler chicken fed dietary inclusion of various unconventional calcium sources were studied using 160-day-old broilers. Four isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets balanced for Ca and P were formulated such that oyster shell, snail shell, wood ash and limestone were used as main non-phytate (Ca from other sources apart from plant) calcium sources. Each dietary treatment consisted of 40 birds replicated four times with 10 birds per replicate. A single diet was fed to the broilers throughout the duration of the study which lasted for 8 weeks. Broilers fed diet containing oyster shell as calcium sources recorded the highest (p < 0.05) feed intake of 5863.30 g, while those fed diet containing limestone consumed the least intake (p < 0.05) of 5432.56 g. Occurrence of lameness and evidences of gaits were highest (p < 0.05) for broilers fed diet containing wood ash. Lowest (p < 0.05) Ca and ash retention were recorded for broiler fed diet containing wood ash as Ca sources. Similar tibia ash values were recorded for broilers fed oyster shell, snail shell and limestone. Wood ash inclusion resulted in a low Ca availability hence its inclusion in feeds for broilers should be discouraged.