Assessing the dose values received by patients during conventional radiography X-ray examinations and the technical condition of the equipment used for this purpose.

BACKGROUND: X-ray examination is associated with patient exposure to ionizing radiation. Dose values depend on the type of medical procedure used, the X-ray unit technical condition and exposure conditions selected. The aim of this study was to determine the dose value received by patients during certain conventional radiography X-ray examinations and to assess the technical condition of medical equipment used for this purpose. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered the total number of 118 conventional diagnostic X-ray units located in the Masovian Voivodeship. The methodology used to assess the conventional diagnostic X-ray unit technical condition and the measurement of the radiation dose rate received by patients are based on test procedures developed by the Department of Radiation Protection and Radiobiology of the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene (Warszawa, Poland) accredited for compliance with PN-EN 17025 standard by the Polish Centre for Accreditation. RESULTS: It was found that 84.7% of X-ray units fully meet the criteria set out in the Polish legislation regarding the safe use of ionizing radiation in medicine, while 15.3% of the units do not meet some of them. The broadest dose value range was recorded for adult patients. Particularly, during lateral (LATl) lumbar spine radiography the recorded entrance surface dose (ESD) values ranged from 283.5 to 7827 µGy (mean: 2183.3 µGy). CONCLUSIONS: It is absolutely necessary to constantly monitor the technical condition of all X-ray units, because it affects population exposure to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, it is essential to raise radiographers' awareness of the effects that ionizing radiation exposure can have on the human body.

[Occurrence of radon 222Rn in curative waters]. / Wystepowanie radonu 222Rn w wodach leczniczych.

Radon is one of the best known human carcinogens. Natural radon (222Rn) is formed by decay of uranium (238U), directly of radium (226Ra). The aim of this study was to determine the activity concentration of radon in curative waters in Poland. The measurements were performed using alpha and beta liquid scintillation method Over 220 water samples from Polish spas have been analyzed. Arithmetic mean of radon concentration for curative waters was found to be 14.51 Bq/m3 within the range between 0.90 Bq/m3 to 193.10 Bq/m3. The average concentrations of radon-222 were ten times higher in water from slaskie and dolnoslaskie voivodeship than other voivodeships. In two sampls: water from intake J-300 in Jedlina Zdrój (116.1 Bq/dm3) and intake Marta in Szczawno Zdrój (193.1 Bq/dm3) the level of radon 74 Bq/dm3 has been reached and those samples could be classified as radon water. There are no limits for the radon concentration levels in curative waters. There are only recommendation of the Commission of the European Communities 2001/928/Euratom on the protection of the public against exposure to radon in drinking water supplies (100 Bq/l).