Comparisons in phytochemical components and in vitro digestion properties of corresponding peels, flesh and seeds separated from two blueberry cultivars.

Highbush blueberries (HB) and rabbiteye blueberries (RB) were separated into peels, flesh, and seeds to assess the compositions of nutriment, anthocyanins, soluble sugars and fatty acids, and the in vitro digesting abilities. Total phenolics contents (TPC) of 51-56 mg GAE/g DW were found in blueberry peels. Compared with HB peels, RB peels showed much higher TPC, but only contained 35 phenolics and lacked peonidin-3-O-rutinoside. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were all present in HB and RB, but RB flesh had a higher acid-sugar ratio. Unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in HB and RB seeds were comparable (26.65 and 26.43 mg/g, respectively). However, HB seeds have 35 fatty acids, but RB seeds lacked cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid and cis-10-pentadecenoic acid. The in vitro digestion test showed that the whole fruit/peels/flesh of RB had a higher recovery and bioavailability index of phenolics and anthocyanins. Therefore, the reuse of blueberry pomace needs to be emphasized. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01326-w.

Codonopsis lanceolata polysaccharide ameliorates high-fat diet induced-postpartum hypogalactia via stimulating prolactin receptor-mediated Jak2/Stat5 signaling.

This study aims to investigate the ameliorative effect of Codonopsis lanceolata polysaccharide (PCL) on mice with hypogalatia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and the potential underlying mechanism. We found that oral administration of PCL demonstrated significant benefits in countering the negative effects of HFD, including weight gain, hepatic steatosis, mesenteric adipocyte hypertrophy, and abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism. In addition, PCL improved mammary gland development and enhanced lactogenesis performance. Histologically, PCL ameliorated the retardation of ductal growth, reduced mammary fat pad thickness, improved the incomplete linear encapsulation of luminal epithelium and myoepithelium, and increased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PCL mitigated the detrimental effects of HFD on mammary gland development by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that PCL upregulated the levels of prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) in the mammary gland, activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, and increased the expression of p63, ERBB4, and NRG1. Overall, PCL can ameliorate HFD-induced hypogalactia by activating PRLR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling. Our findings offer a methodological and theoretical foundation for investigating the functional constituents of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of hypogalactia.

Purification, structural characteristics and anti-atherosclerosis activity of a novel green tea polysaccharide.

A new homogeneous polysaccharide (TPS3A) was isolated and purified from Tianzhu Xianyue fried green tea by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephacryl S-500 column chromatography. Structural characterization indicated that TPS3A mainly consisted of arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 5.84: 4.15: 2.06: 1, with an average molecular weight of 1.596 × 104 kDa. The structure of TPS3A was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of 1,3-Galp, 1,4-Galp, 1,3,6-Galp, 1,3-Araf, 1,5-Araf, 1,2,4-Rhap and 1-GalpA, with two branches on the C6 of 1,3,6-Galp and C2 of 1,2,4-Rhap, respectively. To investigate the preventive effects of TPS3A on atherosclerosis, TPS3A was administered orally to ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Results revealed that TPS3A intervention could effectively delay the atherosclerotic plaque progression, modulate dyslipidemia, and reduce the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype by activating the expression of contractile marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and inhibiting the expression of synthetic marker osteopontin (OPN) in high-fat diet-induced ApoE-/- mice. Our findings suggested that TPS3A markedly alleviated atherosclerosis by regulating dyslipidemia and phenotypic transition of VSMCs, and might be used as a novel functional ingredient to promote cardiovascular health.

Microencapsulation of blueberry anthocyanins by spray drying with soy protein isolates/high methyl pectin combination: Physicochemical properties, release behavior in vitro and storage stability.

Eleven anthocyanins in the blueberry anthocyanins powders (BAP) were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. BAP microcapsules (MBAP) were produced by spray drying using high methyl pectin (HMP) combined with whey protein isolates (WPI) or soy protein isolates (SPI) in different proportions as wall materials. Generally, SPI/HMP combination was more efficient in increasing the encapsulation efficiency and Tg, and in decreasing the particle size and hygroscopicity of the microcapsules than WPI or HMP or WPI/HMP combination. Microcapsules created with 4% SPI + 2% HMP combination (MBAPc), possessed superior anthocyanin release behavior and antioxidant stability to those produced with 4% SPI alone (MBAPs). Both MBAPc and MBAPs had continuous release of anthocyanins throughout the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and exhibited two first-order kinetics, but MBAPc exhibited higher stability than MBAPs and BAP, because it showed the longest half-life and the lowest anthocyanin degradation rate at 25 °C and 35 °C during 6-months' storage.

Diagnostic Value and High-Risk Factors of Two-Dimensional Ultrasonography Combined with Four-Dimensional Ultrasonography in Prenatal Ultrasound Screening of Fetal Congenital Malformations.

Objective: This study mainly analyzes the diagnostic value of two-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) combined with four-dimensional ultrasonography (4D-US) in prenatal ultrasound screening of fetal congenital malformations (CMs) and explores the high-risk factors affecting fetal malformations. Methods: The clinical and imaging data of 2247 pregnant women who underwent prenatal fetal malformation screening in the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between February 2020 and October 2021 were collected and analyzed, retrospectively. All pregnant women underwent 2D-US, and those with suspected fetal malformations were further inspected by 4D-US. The accuracy of ultrasound examination results relative to actual pregnancy outcomes was analyzed, taking the neonatal malformation after induced labor or actual delivery as the gold standard, and the risk factors influencing the occurrence of fetal malformations were discussed. Results: A total of 87 cases (3.87%) of fetal malformations were detected out of the 2247 parturients examined. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 2D-US diagnosis were 81.40%, 43.68%, and 82.92%, respectively, while the data were 83.67%, 51.72%, and 84.95% for 4D-US, respectively, and 93.59%, 90.80%, and 93.70%, respectively, for 2D-US +4D-US. The combined diagnosis of 2D-US +4D-US achieved statistically higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity than either of them alone. One-way analysis of variance and multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that the independent risk factors affecting fetal malformation were age ≥ 35, history of adverse pregnancy and childbirth, medication during pregnancy, toxic exposure during pregnancy, and history of seropositive for TORCH-IgM. Folic acid supplementation was a protective factor. Conclusions: Prenatal US is an effective approach for screening fetal malformations. 2D-US +4D-US can effectively improve the diagnostic rate of fetal malformations. For pregnant women with high-risk factors, prevention should be given priority, and prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis should be standardized to reduce the occurrence of fetal malformations.

Dendrobine inhibits dopaminergic neuron apoptosis via MANF-mediated ER stress suppression in MPTP/MPP+-induced Parkinson's disease models.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder without effective treatments. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has been suggested to be capable of protecting against PD by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis. PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of dendrobine and reveal its underlying mechanisms from the perspective of MANF-mediated ER stress suppression. METHODS: Behavioral assessments of PD mice as well as LDH/CCK-8 assay in SH-SY5Y cells and primary midbrain neurons were carried out to detect the antiparkinsonian effect of dendrobine. Immunofluorescence, western blot, flow cytometry and shRNA-mediated MANF knockdown were used to determine the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and the expressions of ER stress-related proteins for investigating the underlying mechanism of dendrobine. RESULTS: Dendrobine significantly ameliorated the motor performance of PD mice and attenuated the injuries of dopaminergic neurons. Dendrobine could also relieve neuronal apoptosis, up-regulate MANF expression and inhibit ER stress, which were largely abolished by shRNA-mediated MANF knockdown in PD model. CONCLUSION: Dendrobine might protect against PD by inhibiting dopaminergic neuron apoptosis, which was achieved by facilitating MANF-mediated ER stress suppression. Our study suggested that dendrobine could act as a MANF up-regulator to protect against PD, and provided a potential candidate for exploring etiological agents of PD.

Anti-gastric cancer activity of cultivated Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide in tumor-bearing mice: Effects of molecular weight and O-acetyl group.

The present study aimed at assuring whether homogeneous cultivated Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide (cDHPS) could inhibit gastric cancer in vivo, and whether its anti-gastric cancer activity could be affected by its molecular weight and O-acetyl group. Three different fractions (cDHPS-I, cDHPS-II and cDHPS-III) with decreased molecular weights and one fraction (cDHPS-IV) without O-acetyl group were prepared from cDHPS. Their structures were identified systematically. The backbone of cDHPS-I-III was the same as that of cDHPS, while their relative molecular weights displayed a decreasing order as follows: cDHPS > cDHPS-I > cDHPS-II > cDHPS-III. The backbone of cDHPS-IV was similar to those of cDHPS and cDHPS-I-III, but with the absence of O-acetyl groups. Animal experiments exhibited that cDHPS and cDHPS-I-IV could significantly inhibit tumor growth, induce tumor cell apoptosis, suppress tumor angiogenesis and enhance T cell immune response of murine forestomach carcinoma (MFC) tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, all the above effects of cDHPS and cDHPS-I-IV on MFC tumor-bearing mice exhibited a decreasing order as follows: cDHPS > cDHPS-I > cDHPS-II > cDHPS-III > cDHPS-IV. The results suggest that cDHPS could inhibit gastric cancer in vivo, and its anti-gastric cancer activity was closely linked with its molecular weight and O-acetyl group.

Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis in mice via inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.

The present study explored the beneficial effect of Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide (cDHPS) after oral administration on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. It was found that cDHPS effectively alleviated joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, cartilage erosion and bone destruction in CIA mice. Concurrently, cDHPS remodeled the balance of Th17 and regulatory T cells, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators related to fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation, angiogenesis, articular cartilage degradation and osteoclast differentiation, inhibited HIF-1α expression and promoted anti-inflammatory mediator release in the joint tissues and serum of CIA mice. Western blot of joint tissues showed that cDHPS significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB, p65, JNK, p38, ERK1/2, AKT, PI3K, JAK1 and STAT3 in CIA mice. These results suggest that cDHPS possesses the potential of ameliorating RA and its anti-RA effect may be attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide exhibits anti-fatigue activity via regulating osteocalcin signaling.

In the present study, we explored the anti-fatigue activity and its potential mechanism of a purified Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP) on mice using weight-loaded swimming test. Results showed that PCP remarkably prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of mice when compared with normal control group. Meanwhile, PCP decreased serum levels of lactic acid (LA), blood uric nitrogen (BUN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased the contents of liver glycogen, muscle glycogen and muscle ATP. These results revealed that PCP had good anti-fatigue ability. The histomorphologic analysis showed that PCP increased the cross-section area of the muscle fibers. Furthermore, PCP significantly enhanced the protein levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), phosphor-Smad1, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OC) in skeleton. Similar variation was also observed in the expression of osteocalcin signaling mediators of phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) and phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) in skeletal muscle. These results suggested that PCP resisted fatigue possibly via regulating osteocalcin signaling.

Pectin-peptide complexes ameliorated physicochemical stabilities and in vitro digestion abilities of ß-carotene loaded emulsions.

To improve the stabilities of low methoxy pectin (LMP) stabilized O/W emulsions for the delivery of bioactive substances, LMP was firstly modified with soy peptide (SP), corn peptide (CP) and whey protein peptide (WPP), respectively, by using dry-heat method, then the properties of LMP-peptide complexes stabilized O/W emulsions were characterized and the in vitro digestion of emulsions with ß-carotene was test to evaluate the potential applications. LMP-peptide complexes were formed by covalent bonds according to FT-IR spectroscopy. Compared to LMP stabilized emulsions, LMP-peptide complexes stabilized emulsions had smaller droplet sizes and higher stabilities in the changed pH value, temperature and ionic strength. Based on the results of in vitro digestion tests, LMP-SP and LMP-WPP obtained by incubating LMP with peptides at 60 °C for 12 h at the weight ratio of 4:1 were more suitable for the preparation of O/W emulsions to deliver camellia oil and ß-carotene.

Effects of tea polyphenol ester with different fatty acid chain length on camellia oil-based oleogels preparation and its effects on cookies properties.

Oleogels were prepared by emulsion template method through 3.0% tea polyphenol ester (Tp-ester) particles with four fatty acid chain length (Tp-laurate [C12], Tp-myristate [C14], Tp-palmitate [C16], and Tp-stearate [C18]) and 2.5% citrus pectin, and then were used in cookie production as fat replacer. Effects of the fatty acid chain length on the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of Tp-ester, on the appearance, microstructure, and firmness of dried products, on rheological features of oleogels, on the dynamic viscoelasticity and textural characteristics of cookies dough, and on cookies qualities were revealed. With the increase in the fatty acid chain length, the θo and θw values of four Tp-esters increased, the firmness of dried products with smaller oil droplets got larger, and the gel intensity of oleogels increased, but the quality scores, spread ratio, and break strength of the cookies did not change significantly. With the increase in the replacement levels of butter with oleogels, the harder cookie dough with weaker gel strength and the softer cookies with lower hedonic scores and crispness were found. At 25% and 50% replacement levels, cookies prepared with oleogels using Tp-palmitate or Tp-stearate particles exhibited similar hedonic scores, break strength, spread ratio, and storage stabilities to that of butter cookies. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Cookies are relished by all age groups due to their taste and crispness, but include high content of saturated fatty acids that are harmful to people's health. The result of this study will help the industry to better design cookies through oleogels with tea polyphenols ester and pectin, and will provide healthy cookies with little or no butter for consumers.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Polysaccharide Promotes GLP-1 Secretion from Enteroendocrine L-Cells through Sweet Taste Receptor-Mediated cAMP Signaling.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells is a pleiotropic hormone with beneficial potential related to islet function, diet control, glucose homeostasis, inflammation relief, and cardiovascular protection. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP) after structural identification on GLP-1 secretion and the possible mechanism involved in the PCP-stimulated secretion of GLP-1. It was found that GLP-1 secretion was effectively promoted (p < 0.01) by PCP both in rats with oral administration for 5 weeks (13.9 ± 0.3-35.8 ± 0.3 pmol/L) and ileal administration within 2 h (13.6 ± 0.4-34.1 ± 1.1 pmol/L) and in enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells with direct stimulation within 24 h (2.05 ± 0.3-20.7 ± 0.2 pmol/L). The sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3 was identified to be essential for NCI-H716 cells to directly recognize PCP. The intervention experiments showed that PCP-stimulated GLP-1 secretion was significantly depressed (p < 0.01) not only by antibodies, siRNA, and the inhibitor of T1R2/T1R3 but also by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. These results suggest that PCP stimulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells possibly through activation of the T1R2/T1R3-mediated cAMP signaling pathway.

Anti-inflammatory bibenzyls from the stems of Dendrobium huoshanense via bioassay guided isolation.

The stems of Dendrobium huoshanense have long been used to prevent various diseases, including inflammatory diseases. This study was aimed to explain the anti-inflammatory effect of D. huoshanense stems in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and to discover potential anti-inflammatory compounds. Results exhibited that D. huoshanense stems ethanol extract could significantly inhibit LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-1ß. Based on bioassay guided strategy, four bibenzyls (1-4) were isolated from D. huoshanense stems for the first time. Anti-inflammatory assay showed 1-4 could remarkably inhibit the production of NO in LPS-induced macrophages. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR analysis displayed that the mRNA levels of iNOs, TNF-α and IL-1ß could also be significantly reduced by 1-4. These results suggested that D. huoshanense stems ethanol extract and bibenzyls 1-4 might be well developed as therapeutic agent to prevent inflammatory diseases.

Preparation of camellia oil-based W/O emulsions stabilized by tea polyphenol palmitate: Structuring camellia oil as a potential solid fat replacer.

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with a discontinuous aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous camellia oil phase were prepared by using tea polyphenol palmitate (Tp-palmitate) particle as effective stabilizers and their properties were characterized by droplet size, slip melting point (SMP), stability, microstructure and rheology. The d(4,3) and d(3,2) decreased from 7.96 µm to 4.67 µm and from 5.98 µm to 3.07 µm, respectively, and the SMP rose from 33.73 °C to 38.60 °C when the Tp-palmitate concentration increased from 1.0% to 2.5% (m/v). The storage stability, freeze/thaw stability and thermal stability significantly enhanced and the droplets aggregation progressively increased with the increasing of Tp-palmitate concentration. The liquid camellia oil was transformed into solid-like viscoelastic emulsion gels with a SMP of 38.6 °C when using 2.5% Tp-palmitate as particle stabilizers. This study provides a promising method for production of edible gel-like W/O emulsions using polyphenol-lipid complexes to potentially replace solid fats.

Laminaria japonica Polysaccharide Inhibits Vascular Calcification via Preventing Osteoblastic Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

This study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of a purified Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJP61A) on preventing vascular calcification (VC). In the adenine-induced chronic renal failure (CRF) mice VC model and the ß-glycerophosphate (ß-GP)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) calcification model, LJP61A was found to significantly inhibit VC phenotypes as determined by biochemical analysis and von Kossa, alizarin red, and immunohistochemical staining. Meanwhile, LJP61A remarkably up-regulated the mRNA levels of VSMC related markers and down-regulated the mRNA levels of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter Pit-1. In addition, LJP61A could significantly decrease the protein levels of core-binding factor-1, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand, and it can increase the protein levels of osteoprotegerin and matrix gla protein. These results indicated that LJP61A ameliorated VC both in vivo and in vitro via preventing osteoblastic differentiation of VSMC, suggesting LJP61A might be a potential therapeutic agent for VC in CRF patients.

Renoprotective effect of Chinese chive polysaccharides in adenine-induced chronic renal failure.

In this work, we investigated the effect of Chinese chive polysaccharides (CCP) on renal function in mice with adenine-induced chronic renal failure (CRF). Results exhibited that adenine treatment caused serious renal pathological damages and elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen of mice. However, these changes could be significantly reversed by the administration of CCP in a dose-dependent manner. When CCP dosage reached 200mg/kg/day, the area of renal pathological damage was decreased by 59.2%, and the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were decreased by 23.9% and 34.7% compared to those of model group. Moreover, it was found that renal oxidative damage, inflammation and fibrosis of adenine-induced CRF mice could also be significantly inhibited by CCP. These results suggested that CCP could improve the kidney functions of adenine-induced CRF mice and the renoprotective effect might be associated with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis activities.

Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a new polysaccharide from jellyfish.

A new polysaccharide (JSP-11) with a molecular weight of 1.25×106Da was extracted and purified from jellyfish. Monosaccharide analysis showed that JSP-11 was composed of mannose, galactose and glucuronic acid with a molar ratio of 2.18:1.00:1.94. According to the analysis of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and NMR spectroscopy, JSP-11 was determined to contain a linear backbone which consisted of (1→3,6)-linked ß-d-Manp and (1→6)-linked ß-d-Galp. The branch of (1→)-linked α-d-GlcpA was attached to the C-3 position of (1→3,6)-linked ß-d-Manp in the backbone. The immunomodulatory assay exhibited that JSP-11 could significantly enhance the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and promote the release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1ß via activating NF-κB, MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signal pathways.

Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide prevents ethanol-induced liver injury in mice by metabolomic analysis.

The prevalence of alcohol consumption has increased in modern dietary life and alcoholic liver injury can follow. Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide (DHP) is a homogeneous polysaccharide isolated from Dendrobium huoshanense, which possesses hepatoprotection function. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profiles of serum and liver tissues extracts from control, ethanol-treated and DHP\ethanol-treated mice using a UHPLC/LTQ Orbitrap XL MS-based metabolomics approach. Our results indicated that DHP alleviated early steatosis and inflammation in liver histology and the metabolomic analysis of serum and hepatic tissue revealed that first, ethanol treatment mainly altered phosphatidylcholines (PCs) including PC (13:0) and phosphocholine, arachidonic acid metabolites including 20-ethyl PGF2α and amino acids including L-Proline; Second, DHP supplementation ameliorated the altered metabolic levels particularly involved in phosphocholine and L-Proline. These data suggested that DHP might restore the perturbed metabolism pathways by ethanol exposure to prevent the progression of alcoholic liver injury.

Structure and bioactivity of a polysaccharide extracted from protocorm-like bodies of Dendrobium huoshanense.

The crude polysaccharides of Dendrobium huoshanense were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography, giving one homogeneous fraction DHP-4A with molecular weight of 2.32 × 10(5)Da. UV spectrum indicated that there was no existence of proteins and nucleic acids in DHP-4A. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that DHP-4A was made up of glucose, arabinose, mannose and rhamnose with a molar ratio of 13.8:3.0:6.1:2.1. The backbone of DHP-4A consisted of (1 → 6)-linked glucose, (1 → 6)-linked mannose and (1 → 3,6)-linked mannose. The ßL-Rhap-(1 → 2)-ß-L-Rhap-(1 → 4)-ß-D-Manp-(1 → and α-L-Araf-(1 → 3)- α-L-Araf -(1 → 3)-α-L-Araf-(1 → were regarded as the branches attached to the C-3 position of (1 → 6)-linked mannose in the backbone. The sugar residue sequence was further determined by NMR spectra including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HSQC and HMBC. Pharmacological tests showed that DHP-4A can significantly stimulate RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to secrete NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 via activation of p38, ERK, JNK and translocation of nuclear NF-κB, indicating this polysaccharide possesses good immunoregulatory activity.