Experiencia en trasplante pulmonar pediátrico en Chile / Experience with pediatric lung transplantation in Chile

El trasplante de pulmón (TP) es una opción para pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades pulmonares terminales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos trasplantados de pulmón. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de pacientes TP ≤ 15 años de Clínica Las Condes. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Nueve pacientes < 15 años de edad se han trasplantado. La edad promedio fue 12,7 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística (7 pacientes). El IMC promedio fue de 17,6 y todos estaban con oxígeno domiciliario. El 77% utilizó soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. Las principales complicaciones precoces fueron hemorragia y la disfunción primaria de injerto mientras que las tardías fueron principalmente las infecciones y la disfunción crónica de injerto. Cuatro pacientes han fallecido y la sobrevida a dos años fue de 85%. El trasplante les permitió una reinserción escolar y 3 lograron completar estudios universitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa para niños con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida.

Lung transplantation (TP) is a treatment option in children with terminal lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and survival of pediatrics lung transplant patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of lung transplantation of patients ≤ 15 years from Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post transplant lung function, early and late complications and survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients ≤ 15 years-old were transplanted. The average age at transplant was 12.7 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis (7 patients). The average BMI was 17.6 and all the patients were with home oxygen therapy. 77% used extracorporeal intraoperative support. Average baseline FEV1 was 25.2% with progressive improvement in FEV1 of 77% in the first year. The main early complications were hemorrhage and primary graft dysfunction, while late complications were infections and chronic graft dysfunction. Four patients have died and the estimated 2 years survival was 85%. They achieved school reinsertion and three managed to complete university studies. CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children with advanced lung diseases improving their survival and quality of life.

Moderate protection is induced by a chimeric protein composed of leucine aminopeptidase and cathepsin L1 against Fasciola hepatica challenge in sheep.

Leucine aminopeptidase (FhLAP) and cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) of Fasciola hepatica play a critical role in parasite feeding, migration through host tissue, and immune evasion. These antigens have been tested for immune protection as single components with variable degrees of success. The chimeric-protein approach could improve protection levels against fasciolosis. Previously, we reported the design and construction of a chimeric protein composed of antigenic sequences of FhLAP and FhCL1 of F. hepatica. The goal of the present study was to express and evaluate the immune-protective capacity of this chimeric protein (rFhLAP-CL1) in sheep. Animals were randomly allocated into five groups with five animals in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were immunized twice with 100 µg, 200 µg and 400 µg of rFhLAP-CL1 emulsified with Quil A adjuvant, whereas groups 4 and 5 were the adjuvant control and infection control groups, respectively. The animals were then challenged with 200 metacercariae two weeks after the rFhLAP-CL1 booster. The fluke burden was reduced by 25.5%, 30.7% (p < 0.05) and 46.5% (p < 0.01) in sheep immunized with 100 µg, 200 µg and 400 µg of chimeric protein, respectively, in comparison to the infection control group. There was a reduction of 22.7% (p < 0.05) and 24.4% (p < 0.01) in fecal egg count in groups 2 and 3, respectively, compared to the infection control group. Sheep immunized with chimeric protein produced F. hepatica excretion-secretion product-specific total IgG antibody, which were increased after challenge. Moreover, the levels of rFhLAP-CL1-specific IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in immunized sheep increased rapidly two weeks after the first immunization and were significantly more elevated than those of the control groups, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 response. This is a preliminary evaluation of the chimeric protein rFhLAP-CL1 as a possible immunogen against F. hepatica infection in sheep.

Effect of gonadal steroid hormones on formalin-induced temporomandibular joint inflammation.

We have recently demonstrated that gonadal steroid hormones decrease formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception in rats. Given that the attenuation of inflammation is a potential mechanism underlying this antinociceptive effect, we evaluated the effect of gonadal steroid hormones on formalin-induced temporomandibular joint inflammation. Plasma extravasation, a major sign of acute inflammation, and neutrophil migration, an important event related to tissue injury, were evaluated. Formalin induced significantly lower temporomandibular joint plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration in proestrus females than in males and in diestrus females. Since estradiol serum level is high in proestrus females and low in diestrus females and in males, these findings suggest that the high physiological level of estradiol decreases temporomandibular joint inflammation. Estradiol but not progesterone administration in ovariectomized females significantly decreased formalin-induced plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration, an effect that was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. Plasma extravasation and neutrophil migration were not affected by orchiectomy, but testosterone or estradiol administration in orchidectomized males significantly decreased them. The androgen receptor antagonist flutamide blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of testosterone while ICI 182780 blocked that of estradiol in males. Previous intravenous administration of a nonspecific selectin inhibitor significantly decreased formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception and neutrophil migration in males, revealing a potent and positive correlation between temporomandibular joint nociception and inflammation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of estradiol and testosterone in the temporomandibular joint region and suggest that this effect may mediate, at least in part, the antinociceptive effect of these hormones.

Silicosis y trasplante pulmonar / Lung transplantation in silicosis

Silicosis is a prevalent disease in Chile, a developing miner country. Scarce information about lung transplantation as an alternative for treating severe silicosis is available. Objective: To describe the time and way of exposure to silica and the clinical characteristics of silicotic patients subjected to lung transplantation at Clinica Las Condes, Santiago. Patients and Methods: From 38 patients subjected to lung transplantation between 1999 and 2006, four of them were transplanted because of severe silicosis. Ldiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was the predominant underlying disease (55 percent) of these 38 patients. Results: The four silicotic patients were transplanted at an age ranging from 34 to 65 years old. Their period of exposure ranged between 5 and 30 years and symptoms become evident after 4 to 30 years of exposure. Two patients were miners, another one was a quartz grinding worker and the fourth of them was a polisher of dental prothesis, The surgery was complex because of distortion in pulmonary anatomy. The hospital length of stay was longer in silicotics as compared with non-silicotic patients with lung transplant (41 versus 21 days, p < 0.10; c²). The long-term clinical course has been satisfactory. Association with tuberculosis has not been shown in any of these patients, Conclusions: Lung transplant is an alternative in patients with severe silicosis. Pulmonary anatomy is distorted in these patients determining more perioperatory morbidity than in non-silicotic patients.

La silicosis es una enfermedad prevalente en Chile, que es un país minero y en desarrollo. Existe escasa bibliografía sobre trasplante pulmonar, como alternativa de tratamiento en silicosis avanzada. Objetivo: Describir el tiempo y forma de exposición a la sílice y las características clínicas de enfermos silicóticos tratados con trasplante pulmonar en la Clínica Las Condes de Santiago. Pacientes y Métodos: De un total de 38 pacientes en los que se practicó trasplante pulmonar entre 1999 y 2006, cuatro de ellos fueron trasplantados por padecer de silicosis avanzada. En estos 38 enfermos la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática fue la enfermedad subyacente predominante (55 por ciento). Resultados: Los 4 pacientes silicóticos fueron trasplantados a una edad que fluctuó entre 34 y 65 años. Su período de exposición varió entre 5 y 30 años y sus síntomas comenzaron a manifestarse 4 a 30 años después de iniciada la exposición. Dos pacientes eran mineros, otro trabajó en la molienda de cuarzo y el 4° enfermo fue pulidor de prótesis dentales. La cirugía fue compleja debido a la distorsión de la anatomía pulmonar de estos enfermos. La estadía hospitalaria fue más prolongada en los trasplantados silicóticos que en los no silicóticos (41 versus 21 días, p < 0,10; c²). La evolución clínica a largo plazo ha sido satisfactoria, no demostrándose asociación con tuberculosis. Conclusiones: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con silicosis avanzada. La anatomía de estos pacientes está alterada, lo cual determina mayor morbilidadperi-operatoria que en trasplantes pulmonares en pacientes no silicóticos.

Tratamiento endoscópico de urgencia de la patología biliar litiásica durante el embarazo / Emergency endoscopic treatment of the cholelithiasis during pregnancy

Se presenta nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la patología biliar litiásica aguda en 3 pacientes embarazadas de 27 + 3 sem., 32 sem. y 32 sem. Empleamos procedimientos mínimamente invasivos, tales como la colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada (CPER) y la esfinterotomía endoscópica (EE). Los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios tanto desde el punto de vista materno como fetal