Fine-scale genetic structure in Pinus clausa (Pinaceae) populations: effects of disturbance history.

Spatial autocorrelation analyses of 12 allozyme loci were used to compare genetic structure within populations of two varieties of Pinus clausa. P. clausa var. immuginata populations tend to be uneven-aged, with continuous recruitment in small gaps created by wind damage, whereas P. clausa var. clausa populations are more even-aged, with recruitment postdating periodic canopy fires. Three var. immuginata populations and three matched pairs of var. clausa populations, including both a mature and a nearby recently burned population, were examined. Aggregation of multilocus genotypes at small distances was evident in all young var. clausa populations. Little inbreeding was apparent among juveniles or adults in these populations; their genetic structure is likely to have resulted from limited seed dispersal. Genotypes were not significantly spatially structured in nearby matched mature populations. Genetic structure was less evident in var. immuginata populations. Aggregated genotypes were only apparent in the population where patches included juveniles of similar ages; dense juvenile clumps in the other two var. immuginata populations comprised a variety of ages. Interannual variability in allele frequencies of surviving seedlings may account for the absence of genetic structure in these populations.

Fractured-nose reduction under local anaesthesia. Is it acceptable to the patient?

This article examines patients' acceptance of fractured-nose reduction under local anaesthesia, both objectively and subjectively. At each stage of the reduction the level of the discomfort, the patients' experiences were recorded. The success rate of complete reduction of the nasal fracture was found to be 71% and this was similar to that obtained in other studies that have used general anaesthesia. An overall level of discomfort for the procedure in terms a layman can understand was obtained by comparing the manipulation with that of having a tooth filled at the dentist. Sixty-three percent of the patients said that the nasal fracture reduction was no worse or the same as a dental filling. Our study showed that 96% of patients would be willing to undergo the same local anaesthetic procedure if they fractured their nose a second time. We conclude that it is possible to reduce the majority of fractured noses adequately with little inconvenience to the patient under local anaesthesia, and so we recommend that this procedure should be considered in the first-line treatment of the displaced fractured nose.

Local versus general anaesthetic in the management of the fractured nose.

Displaced fractured noses are usually manipulated under general anesthetic. The appearances of fractured noses were assessed and the airways measured by rhinomanometry before and after nasal manipulation in 29 patients. Seventeen received a local anaesthetic (LA) and 12 a general anaesthetic (GA) for the manipulation. Patients were generally pleased with the outcome and there were no significant differences between results in the 2 groups. Bony manipulation did not affect the nasal airway. Local anaesthesia was acceptable to all but one patient. The benefits, including those of cost and safety, of local anaesthetic for manipulation of almost all fractured noses are discussed.