Immunomodulatory effects of Yarrowia lipolytica as a food additive in the diet of Nile tilapia.

The use of yeasts as a dietary additive for fish can act as a source of nutrients and as an immunostimulant. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the fermented biomass of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a food additive on zootechnical and hematological parameters, and on immune response in the plasma and kidney of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). After supplementation with 3, 5, and 7% of the yeast biomass for 35 days, the blood and tissues of the animals of each experimental group were collected for analysis. The addition of this biomass in the feed promoted an improvement of zootechnical parameters in tilapia. There was also a rise in the number of neutrophils (groups with 3, 5, and 7%) and monocytes (group 3, 5, and 7%) compared with the control group. Moreover, there was an increase in the levels of lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and nitrite/nitrate content in the blood of animals fed with yeast biomass. On the other hand, there were no observed alterations in survival and hematological parameters of animals fed with yeast biomass. In the analysis of the kidney, the addition of biomass in feed promoted an increase in levels of myeloperoxidase (group with 3%) but did not alter the levels of lysozyme and nitrite/nitrate content. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Y. lipolytica had growth and immunostimulatory effects on Nile tilapia. These findings strongly suggest the potential application of a Y. lipolytica-based immunostimulant for tilapia aquaculture.

Tálamo según Galeno: una metáfora controversial / Thalamus according to Galen: a controversial metaphor

El vocabulario técnico-científico, uno de ellos la Terminologia Anatomica, tiene un legado lingüístico de idiomas clásicos en general y del latín y griego en particular. En este contexto, la metáfora ha cumplido un importante rol en la denominación de ciertas estructuras del cuerpo humano. El análisis de estas metáforas ha permitido conocer el origen etimológico de numerosos términos anatómicos derivados de esta práctica frecuente durante la historia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar y reflexionar acerca de la utilización del término tálamo y comentar la similitud formal de esta metáfora con las características neuroanatómicas. El nombre tálamo fue asignado por Claudio Galeno (130 - 200 a. C.); procede de un lenguaje común de orden material, el cual ha sido mencionado por autores clásicos, principalmente, como "cámara interna o cámara nupcial" y llevado a un lenguaje técnico-científico a través de una metáfora motivada por una disposición espacial o entendida como una expresión de imagen o similitud formal. Si Galeno utilizó esta metáfora considerando una similitud formal, el término tálamo sería equívoco, ya que no hay correspondencia estructural del término debido a que el tálamo neuroanatómico no es una cámara, sino una estructura diencefálica compacta y esferoidal u ovalada. Bajo este contexto, el término tálamo es confuso, ya que esta metáfora se condice más bien con el tercer ventrículo. Considerando lo anterior, invitamos a reflexionar sobre una propuesta basada en una característica morfológica de la estructura, en la cual se reemplace el término tálamo por neuroovoide.

The technical-scientific vocabulary, one of them the Anatomical Terminology, has a linguistic legacy of classical languages in general and of Latin and Greek in particular. In this context, the metaphor has played an important role in the naming of certain structures of the human body. The analysis of these metaphors has allowed us to know the etymological origin of numerous anatomical terms derived from this frequent practice throughout history. The purpose of this study was to analyze and reflect on the use of the term thalamus and to comment on the formal similarity of this metaphor with the neuroanatomical characteristics. The name thalamus was assigned by Claudio Galeno (130-200 BC); It comes from a common language of material order, which has been mentioned by classical authors, mainly, as "internal chamber or bridal chamber" and brought to a technicalscientific language through a metaphor motivated by a spatial arrangement or understood as a image expression or formal similarity. If Galen used this metaphor considering a formal similarity, the term thalamus would be misleading, since there is no structural correspondence to the term because the neuroanatomical thalamus is not a chamber, but a compact, spheroidal or oval diencephalic structure. In this context, the term thalamus is confusing, since this metaphor is more consistent with the third ventricle. Considering the above, we invite you to reflect on a proposal based on a morphological characteristic of the structure, in which the term thalamus is replaced by neuroovoid.

Alimentos ancestrales que sanan / Ancestral food to heal

En esta época de transformaciones de la humanidad, sembrar, cosechar y cocer alimentos propios y sanos que garanticen una buena alimentación y nutrición es un acto político y revolucionario por antonomasia, que abona en el afán de romper el monopolio de la agroindustria y la industria farmacéutica ligada a la producción de alimentos, preservar las semillas originarias y mantener la identidad cultural y memoria histórica a través de la práctica de la seguridad, soberanía y decolonialidad alimentaria. Alimentos ancestrales que sanan, es un conjunto de reflexiones que se inscriben dentro del proyecto "Alimentos Sagrados que Sanan" ejecutado en comunidades de Cañar y Saraguro con el apoyo de ReAct Latinoamérica. El ensayo aborda determinantes de los cambios de la alimentación, sustenta la temática de la alimentación de los pueblos originarios como alternativa y desarrolla un ejemplo del manejo de los procesos bacterianos ligados a la alimentación, todos ellos en el marco de la agricultura ancestral.

In this time of transformations of humanity, planting, harvesting and cooking healthy food that guarantee a good diet and nutrition, is a political and revolutionary act by antonomasia, which tries to break the monopoly of the agroindustry and the pharmaceutical industry linked to the production of food, preserve the original seeds and maintain the cultural identity and historical memory through the alimentary practice of Security, Sovereignty and Decoloniality Ancestral foods that heal, it is a set of reflections that are part of the project "Sacred Foods that Heal" executed in communities of Cañar and Saraguro with the support of ReAct Latin America. The essay addresses some determinants of changes in diet, supports the theme of feeding in indigenous people as an alternative and develops an example of the management of bacterial processes linked to food, all of them within the framework of ancestral agriculture.

Gross anatomy of the intrinsic muscles of the scapular and humeral joint regions in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous, Linnaeus 1776) / Anatomia macroscópica dos músculos intrínsecos das regiões escapular e da articulação do úmero de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous, Linnaeus 1776)

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a wild canid with a wide distribution in South America that is susceptible to traumas due to road kills - an event in which some specimens can survive. Therefore, anatomical studies in their thoracic limbs may be a base for rehabilitation. Six dead specimens were donated by Wildlife Rescue Centre of CORPOCALDAS (Environmental Authority of the Department of Caldas in Colombia), which were then filled with silicone rubber via the common carotid artery, and later fixed with formaldehyde through the external jugular vein. One male was dissected in fresh, and after a week, the others were dissected on the scapular and humeral joint regions. The intrinsic muscles of these regions in the crab-eating fox were homologous to domestic dog, with similar characteristics in terms of shape, origin, insertion, innervation and arterial blood supply. However, the crab-eating fox did have some differences, such as its supraspinatus muscle being conformed by two bellies and attached into the articular capsule of the humeral joint in same manner as the subscapularis muscle, thus conferring greater stability to the humeral. However, the clinical and surgical approaches that must be performed in this region may be homologous to the domestic dog.

Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) é um canideo selvagem amplamente distribuído na América do Sul, susceptível a traumatismos por atropelamentos em rodovias, eventos nos quais alguns animais podem sobreviver. Portanto, estudos anatômicos em seus membros torácicos podem servir como base para sua reabilitação. Seis espécimes mortos foram doados pelo Centro de Resgate de Vida Selvagem da Corporación Autónoma Regional para el Desarrollo de Caldas - CORPOCALDAS, os quais foram preenchidos com borracha de silicone pela artéria carótida comum, e depois fixados com formaldeído através da veia jugular externa. Um macho foi dissecado a fresco e após uma semana, os outros foram dissecados nas regiões da articulação escapular e umeral. Os músculos intrínsecos dessa região no cachorro-do-mato eram homólogos às dos cães domésticos, com características semelhantes na forma, origem, inserção, inervação e suprimento de sangue arterial. No entanto, o cachorro-do-mato apresenta algumas diferenças, como músculo supraespinhal conformado por duas cabeças e unidos na cápsula articular da articulação umeral, da mesma forma que o músculo subescapular, características essas que devem conferir maior estabilidade à articulação do úmero. Apesar disso, as abordagens clínicas e cirúrgicas realizadas nesta região podem ser homólogas ao cão doméstico.

Conocimiento sobre el ácido fólico en la prevención de defectos de cierre del tubo neural: una encuesta a mujeres que viven en Santiago de Chile / Awareness of post partum women on the effects of folie acid in the prevention of congenital anomalies

Background: Wheat flour in Chile is fortified with folie acid and pregnant women are also supplemented with the vitamin, but the population level of knowledge or awareness about this vitamin and its use by pregnant women is unknown. Aim: To assess the level of knowledge that postpartum women from Santiago de Chile have about folie acid. Material and methods: A questionnaire about folie acid and its efects on the prevention of neural tube defects was developed adapting questionnaires designed abroad. It was applied by medical students to puerperal women, hospitalized in public hospitals. Results: The questionnaire was applied to 342 women aged 26 ± 7 years. Sixty one percent were housewives and 55 percent completed high school education. Forty seven percent of these women had heard about folie acid, 9.6 percent knew that it was able to prevent congenital defects and only one received an adequate supplementation during pregnancy. Women aged 25 to 34 years and those with an adequate medical care during pregnancy had a significantly better knowledge about folie acid and its role in the prevention of congenital anormalies. The more commom means to receive information about folie acid were midwifes (34 percent), mass media (28 percent) and doctors (20 percent). Two hundred eleven women (62 percent) agreed to take folie acid in a future gestation and 58 percent preferred to do so using fortified foods. Conclusions: Post partum women from Santiago have a poor knowledge about the relevance of folie acid supplementation.

[Awareness and knowledge of the use of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects: a survey of women living in Santiago, Chile]. / Conocimiento sobre el ácido fólico en la prevención de defectos de cierre del tubo neural: una encuesta a mujeres que viven en Santiago de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Wheat flour in Chile is fortified with folie acid and pregnant women are also supplemented with the vitamin, but the population level of knowledge or awareness about this vitamin and its use by pregnant women is unknown. AIM: To assess the level of knowledge that postpartum women from Santiago de Chile have about folic acid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire about folic acid and its effects on the prevention of neural tube defects was developed adapting questionnaires designed abroad. It was applied by medical students to puerperal women, hospitalized in public hospitals. RESULTS: The questionnaire was applied to 342 women aged 26 +/- 7 years. Sixty one percent were housewives and 55% completed high school education. Forty seven percent of these women had heard about folic acid, 9.6% knew that it was able to prevent congenital defects and only one received an adequate supplementation during pregnancy. Women aged 25 to 34 years and those with an adequate medical care during pregnancy had a significantly better knowledge about folic acid and its role in the prevention of congenital anomalies. The more common means to receive information about folic acid were midwives (34%), mass media (28%) and doctors (20%). Two hundred eleven women (62%) agreed to take folic acid in a future gestation and 58% preferred to do so using fortified foods. CONCLUSIONS: Post partum women from Santiago have a poor knowledge about the relevance of folic acid supplementation.

La promoción de la salud es ¿la promoción del deseo? / The promotion of health is... ¿the promotion of desire?

La Promoción de la salud y la Prevención de la enfermedad, son estrategias que se han venido fomentando desde la Organización mundial de la Salud, a partir del análisis que desde la OMS se hace sobre la salud de las comunidades en los distintos países, para mejorar la salud de las mismas. En Colombia esas estrategias han sido adoptadas como políticas nacionales a través del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Social, mediante la Ley 100 de 1993. La ley 1122 de 2007, amplía la promoción y la prevención al campo de la Salud Pública. A través de la Promoción se ha pretendido empoderar a personas y comunidades para que piensen la salud ya no como "algo" a conservar, sino como "algo" a desarrollar a partir de los propios recursos, fortalezas, responsabilidades y gestión; en tanto que desde el lado preventivo, se pretende minimizar los factores de riesgo que puedan llevar a enfermar, a una persona o comunidad.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention are strategies that have been promoted since the World Health Organization, based on the analysis made by the WHO on the health of communities in different countries, to improve The health of them. In Colombia, these strategies have been adopted as national policies through the National Social Security System, through Law 100 of 1993. Law 1122 of 2007, extends the promotion and prevention to the field of Public Health. Through the Promotion it has been tried to empower people and communities to think about health not as "something" to conserve, but as "something" to develop from their own resources, strengths, responsibilities and management; while from the preventive side, it is intended to minimize the risk factors that may lead to illness, to a person or community.