[Breeding system of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis].

OBJECTIVE: To provide the basic guidance for seed breeding and cross-breeding of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. METHOD: The floral behavior and pollinators were observed; 0.5% TTC solution was used for the pollen viability test and benzidine and -H2O2 was used for estimation of the stigma receptivity. The mating systems were tested by out crossing index (OC1), and pollination experiment was carried out by bagged and emasculated test in the field. RESULT: Commonly, stigma lobes spread slightly, and anthers started presenting the pollen from the outer ring while the flower was just beginning to open. Consequently, the distance between the stigma and its own pollen was relatively far, this "floral behavior" may be conducive to outcrossing. Then the flower entered the later period, while the stigma lobes spread widely, anthers all split, and this "floral behavior" shortened the stigma and its own pollen's distance, which may be conducive to selfing. P. polyphylla was partly protogynous. Stigma life-span was about 10-12 d. After anther dehiscence, the pollen viability maintained about 10% within 2 days, and 20% within 10 days. The value of out crossing index (OC1) was 4. By pollination experiment and pollinators observed, P. polyphylla was self-compatible, but no capacity for autonomous self-fertilization; In natural circumstances, outcrossing fructification rate was low, and mainly anemophilous. Assisted selfing-fertilization fructification rate was higher, spider was the main pollinators. CONCLUSION: P. polyphylla has a mixed mating system with self-pollination and cross-pollination characteristics. Floral behavior has important adaptive significance in avoiding female and male interference, outcrossing, and delayed selfing. P. polyphylla is ambophily (a combination of both wind and insect pollination), pollinators changes due to environment. Pollen limitation is the main cause of low fructification rate under natural conditions.

Enhanced NMDA receptor NR1 phosphorylation and neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus following peripheral inflammation.

UNLABELLED: AbstractAim:To investigate the role of glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in central sensitization following peripheral inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus. METHODS: Mediobasal hypothalamic slices were prepared from rats undergoing peripheral inflammation, which was induced by a unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into hind paw. Neuronal activation levels in the ARC were monitored by recording extracellular unit discharges. The NMDA receptor NR1 subunit (NR1) was measured using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Enhanced NR1 phosphorylation was observed in the ARC of CFA-inflamed rats. Compared with the control rats, the firing rate of spontaneous discharges in ARC neurons of inflamed rats was significantly higher, and it was significantly reduced both by an NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801, 300 µmol/L) and by a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX, 30 µmol/L). Application of exogenous glutamate (200 µmol/L) or NMDA (25 µmol/L) resulted in increased neuronal discharges for ARC neurons, which was enhanced to a greater extent in inflamed rats than in control rats. CONCLUSION: Glutamate receptor activation in the hypothalamic ARC plays a crucial role in central sensitization associated with peripheral inflammation.

[Observation on therapeutic effect of Shaoshanhuo needling method on periarthritis of shoulder].

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effect of Shaoshanhuo needling method on periarthritis of shoulder. METHODS: One hundred and twenty cases were randomly divided into two groups: a treatment group of 57 cases and a control group of 63 cases. The treatment group were treated with Shaoshanhuo needling method and massage combined with functional exercise of shoulder joint, and the control group were treated with warming acupuncture and moxibustion combined with massage and functional exercise of shoulder joint. Their therapeutic effects were evaluated after 2 courses. RESULTS: The effective rate and the cured rate were 96.5% and 70.2% in the treatment group, and 88.9% and 50.8% in the control group respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups in the effective rate (P>0.05), but with a significant difference between the two groups in the cured rate (P<0.05), the treatment group being higher than the control group. CONCLUSION: Shaoshanhuo needling method has a better therapeutic effect on periarthritis of shoulder.

[The review of Amomum villosum in Xishuangbanna].

The researches on quality evaluation, chemical composition, pharmacological actions and plantation of Amomum villosum in Xishuangbanna was reviewed. The further research point were proposed.