RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce the production of proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Zingiber cassumunar is a medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the Z. cassumunar extract on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 in HGFs challenged with LPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HGFs were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of Z. cassumunar extracts. The levels of expression of COX-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 mRNAs and of COX-1, COX-2 and MMP-2 proteins were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. MMP-2 activities in cell-culture supernatants were determined using gelatin zymography. MAPK activation was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS: LPS treatment of HGFs resulted in the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Z. cassumunar extracts significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in HGFs stimulated with LPS. A lesser inhibitory effect was observed for the phosphorylation of p38. RT-PCR and western blot analyses showed that Z. cassumunar extracts inhibited the LPS-induced expression of COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein, respectively, but not of COX-1 mRNA or COX-1 protein. Pretreatment of HGFs with Z. cassumunar also attenuated the induction of MMP-2 with LPS. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Z. cassumunar extracts inhibit COX-2 and MMP-2 production by LPS-activated human gingival fibroblasts through blocking the proinflammatory signaling pathway involving ERK1/2, JNK and p38.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Ciclooxigenasa 2/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/enzimología , Encía/enzimología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Zingiberaceae , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Ciclooxigenasa 1/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/farmacología , Escherichia coli , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Encía/citología , Encía/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Metaloproteinasa de la Matriz/farmacología , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Plantas Medicinales , Zingiberaceae/química , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nasal irrigation has been used as an adjunctive therapy of allergic rhinitis (AR). Available evidence suggested that buffered hypertonic saline (BHS) is superior to buffer normal saline (BNS) for relief nasal symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of BHS nasal irrigation in the management of children with symptomatic AR. DESIGN: This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind placebo-controlled study. METHODS: The present study was a randomized prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eighty-one children with symptomatic AR who had a total nasal symptom score (TNSS)≥4 were included in this study. Each participant was randomly treated with either normal saline (NSS) or BHS by a blinded investigator. Nasal saccharine clearance time (SCT) and TNSS were measured before and 10 min after nasal irrigation. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the questionnaire for Thai allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients (Rcq-36). The 7-point Likert scale for satisfaction was also performed. All participants were assigned to perform nasal irrigation twice daily for the period of 4 weeks. During this period, they recorded TNSS, side effects and antihistamine use on daily diary card. A physical examination and subjective evaluation were performed at 2nd and 4th week visits, and daily diary cards were collected. RESULTS: Patients with BHS were significantly improved in SCT (39.2% versus 15.5%, P=0.009) and TNSS (82.7% versus 69.3%, P=0.006) compared to the NSS group. However, at 2nd and 4th week both groups had improvement in TNSS and QoL compared to baseline visit. There was a significant improvement in mean QoL score in BHS group at 2nd week visit compared to NSS group (P=0.04) but not at the 4th week. Nasal congestion but not TNSS was significantly improved in the BHS group (P=0.04). Moreover, a decreased use of oral antihistamine was observed in BHS group (P=0.04). There were few complaints reported, and side effects were seen equally in both groups. CONCLUSION: Nasal irrigation with BHS causes an improvement in SCT, TNSS and QoL compare to NS in children with symptomatic AR.