Image Integration Using Intracardiac Echography and Three-dimensional Reconstruction for Mapping and Ablation of Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias.

This article reviews the basis for image integration of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems and preprocedural cardiac imaging modalities to enhance anatomic understanding and improve guidance for atrial and ventricular ablation procedures. It discusses the technical aspects of ICE-based integration and the clinical evidence for its use. In addition, it presents the current technical limitations and future directions for this technology. This article also includes figures and videos of clinical representative arrhythmia cases where the use of ICE is key to a safe and successful outcome.

Ventricular arrhythmia ablation lesions detectability and temporal changes on cardiac magnetic resonance.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics of ventricular radiofrequency ablation (RFA) lesions have only been incompletely defined. AIM: To determine the detectability and imaging characteristics of ventricular RFA lesions in an unselected patient cohort undergoing ventricular arrhythmia ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective chart review (n = 249) identified 36 patients with either pre-/postablation CMR (n = 14) or only postablation CMR (n = 22). Ablation lesions could be identified in 50% (n = 18) of patients. Nonvisualized lesions had more preexisting transmural late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) >75% at the ablation sites (21% vs 0.0%, P = .042), more prevalent ICD artifact (50% vs 0%, P = .001), and lower ejection fraction (35.8 ± 14.2% vs 45.3 ± 13.4%, P = .048). Early CMR imaging demonstrated a central "black" signal void (microvascular obstruction [MVO], n = 12, 67%) up to 32 days post-RFA, whereas late imaging showed a homogenously "white" gadolinium enhancement pattern (n = 6, 33%). MVO was only observed in nonfibrotic myocardium without preexisting LGE (n = 12) but was not observed in the scar with preexisting LGE (n = 3, P = .002) suggesting different wash-in/wash-out kinetics in scar/nonscar myocardium. Signal intensity (1909 vs 2534, P = .009) and contrast-to-noise ratio (-7.8 vs 16.3, P = .009) were significantly different between MVO and LGE lesions, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ventricular ablation lesions visualization is negatively affected by preexisting transmural scar, ICD artifact, and low ejection fraction. The transition of "black" MVO appearance to "white" LGE appearance on CMR occurs around 1 month following ablation, suggesting a change in histological characteristics of ablation lesions. This may affect the utility of CMR in the evaluation of the ventricular lesions, when undergoing real-time or repeat VT ablations.

Invasive fungal infections following liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, survival, and impact of fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis (2003-2007).

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are associated with a high mortality rate for liver transplantation (LT) recipients. To study the incidence of and risk factors for IFIs in LT recipients and the associated mortality rates, we retrospectively reviewed the records of first-time deceased donor LT recipients (January 2003 to December 2007). The incidence of IFIs was 12%. Non-albicans Candida species accounted for 55% of IFIs; 50% of these IFIs were Candida parapsilosis. Only 43% of Candida isolates were fluconazole-susceptible (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 8 µ/mL). All C. parapsilosis isolates were fluconazole-resistant, and this coincided with a surge of these isolates during a peak period of LT. Factors associated with IFIs included a creatinine level > 2 mg/mL [hazard ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-5.0, P = 0.01], a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score > 25 (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2-4.9, P = 0.02), pretransplant fungal colonization (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.2-15.3, P < 0.001), and a daily prophylactic fluconazole dosage < 200 mg (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.4, P = 0.03). According to a multivariate analysis, only pretransplant fungal colonization was associated with IFIs (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 3.9-16.2, P < 0.001). The 1-year patient survival rates with and without IFIs were 41% and 80%, respectively, and the survival rates with C. parapsilosis, other non-albicans Candida, and Candida albicans IFIs were 28%, 50%, and 75%, respectively. In conclusion, IFIs after LT (especially non-albicans Candida species and fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis) were associated with reduced survival. The risk factors highlight the importance of pretransplant risk assessments. The identification of pretransplant fungal colonization may allow for risk modifications before or at the time of LT. Additionally, the number of LT procedures and prophylactic strategies may affect institutional outbreaks of resistant Candida strains.

Malaria, desnutrición en niños e inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares: una revisión / Malaria and malnutrition in children and household food insecurity: a review

Antecedentes: la malaria, la desnutrición y la inseguridad alimentaria, son problemas de salud pública en Colombia, que deben estudiarse integradamente. Objetivo: describir la relación entre morbimortalidad por malaria con desnutrición proteico-calórica, anemia y deficiencia de vitamina A y de zinc en los niños e inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares, al igual que el efecto de los suplementos poblacionales de retinol, hierro y zinc sobre morbimortalidad por malaria. Metodología: se consultaron Medline y otras bases biográficas. Resultados: la desnutrición proteico-calórica y las deficiencias de vitamina A y zinc, aumentan la morbimortalidad por malaria. Los estudios sobre los efectos de los suplementos poblacionales de micronutrientes en niños sobre morbimortalidad por malaria por P. falciparum muestran: los de vitamina A, sugieren efecto protector, los de zinc no tienen resultados concluyentes frente a la malaria pero otros beneficios y los de hierro, tienen efecto perjudicial. Los estudios sobre los efectos de tales suplementos sobre la mobimortalidad por malaria por P. vivax son incipientes y en el caso del hierro, parecen estar influenciados por la edad de los niños y si se usan solos o combinados con zinc. La malaria coexiste con la inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar y la prevención de esta última contribuye a reducir la desnutrición infantil y posiblemente la morbimortalidad por malaria. Conclusión: reducir la inseguridad alimentaria disminuirá la desnutrición infantil y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, así contribuirá a reducir la morbi-mortalidad por malaria. En zonas endémicas para P. falciparum, los suplementos poblacionales de vitamina A tienen resultados promisorios: los efectos de los suplementos de zinc no son claros aún y los de hierro son perjudiciales.

Background: malaria and household food insecurity are public health problems in Colombia that should be studied in an integrated approach Objective: to describe the relationship between malaria and malnutrition, deficiencies of vitamin A, zinc and anaemia in children; and household food insecurity, as well as the effect of retinol, iron and zinc supplements on morbidity and mortality in children with malaria infection. Methodology: Medline and other databases were searched. Results: the articles showed that protein-caloric malnutrition and deficiencies of both vitamin A and Zinc increase morbidity and mortality associated to Malaria infection. Studies of the effects of micronutrient supplements on morbidity and mortality associated to Malaria caused by P. falciparum confirmed that vitamin A supplements’ may has a protective effect; studies of zinc on malaria are no conclusive, although it has other benefits; and supplement of iron could presents a deleterious effects, an it seems to be influenced by children age and if it is administer alone o combined with zinc. There is a strong relationship between Household food insecurity and malaria. Prevention of household food insecurity should contribute to decrease children malnutrition and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated to malaria. Conclusion: Improving household security could help to reduce malnutrition and micronutrients deficiencies in children, contributing to reduce morbidity and mortality associated to malaria. In endemic areas for P. falciparum vitamin A population supplementation has promising results. Studies of zinc are not conclusive and iron has deleterious effects.