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1.
Clin Exp Dermatol ; 47(7): 1314-1323, 2022 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35279873

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Loss and remodelling of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) are key features of photodamaged human skin. Green tea catechins (GTCs) have been explored for their anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties, but data on the impact of GTCs on ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced changes to the dermal ECM are lacking. AIM: To investigate the effect of an inflammatory dose of solar-simulated UVR on human dermal ECM and potential for protection by GTCs in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. METHODS: In total, 50 healthy white (Fitzpatrick skin type I-II) adults aged 18-65 years were randomized to a combination of GTCs 540 mg plus vitamin C 50 mg or to placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. The impact of solar-simulated UVR at 3 × minimal erythema dose on the dermal collagen and elastic fibre networks was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry in all participants at baseline. The impact of GTC supplementation on UVR-induced effects was compared between the groups post-supplementation. RESULTS: The area of papillary dermis covered by collagen and elastic fibres was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in UVR-exposed skin than in unexposed skin. Significantly lower levels of fibrillin-rich microfibrils (P = 0.02), fibulin-2 (P < 0.001) and fibulin-5 (P < 0.001) were seen in UVR-exposed than unexposed skin, while procollagen-1 deposition was significantly higher in UVR-exposed skin (P = 0.01). Following GTC supplementation, the UVR-induced change in fibulin-5 was abrogated in the active group but not the placebo group, with no difference between the two groups for other components. CONCLUSIONS: Acute UVR induced significant changes in the human dermal collagen and elastic fibre networks, whereas oral GTCs conferred specific UVR protection to fibulin-5. Future studies could explore the impact of GTCs on the effects of repeated suberythemal UVR exposure of human skin.


Asunto(s)
Catequina , Matriz Extracelular , Rayos Ultravioleta , Adulto , Catequina/farmacología , Catequina/uso terapéutico , Colágeno , Matriz Extracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Matriz Extracelular/efectos de la radiación , Humanos , Piel/patología , Té/química , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos
2.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33805086

RESUMEN

Vitamin D3 can be produced by exposing skin to UVB radiation or sourced through dietary products. It is often stated that vitamin D status declines in older adults, yet little is known about differences in current-day lifestyle and dietary behaviours influencing vitamin D outcomes in younger (18-40 years old) and older adults (65-89 years old). Our objectives were to perform a pilot study to compare sun exposure behaviours, i.e., time spent outdoors, holiday behaviour and use of sunscreen/clothing, and dietary vitamin D intake, in young and older adults in the UK, together with assessment of their vitamin D status. A total of 13 young and 11 older volunteers completed a four-page questionnaire to assess sun exposure and photoprotective behaviour and an eleven-page one-week vitamin D diet diary, alongside their plasma 25(OH)D measurement. It was found that the older group tended to spend more time outdoors during the working week in summer, to take more summer and winter holidays each year, take longer winter holidays and have similar sunscreen use when compared to younger adults. Older adults had a significantly higher daily dietary intake of vitamin D (4.0 µg) than young adults (2.4 µg). Mean winter 25(OH)D concentration was higher in older (56.9 nmol/L) than in young adults (43.2 nmol/L), but there was no statistical difference between the groups. Contrary to common assumptions, in this study, older adults had sun exposure and dietary behaviours conferring a vitamin D status at least as good as that of younger adults.


Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Proyectos Piloto , Estaciones del Año , Luz Solar , Adulto Joven
3.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 53(7): 1505-1516, 2021 07 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33481482

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D status and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of physically active men and women across seasons (study 1) and then to investigate the effects on URTI and mucosal immunity of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥50 nmol·L-1) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated sunlight or oral D3 supplementation in winter (study 2). METHODS: In study 1, 1644 military recruits were observed across basic military training. In study 2, a randomized controlled trial, 250 men undertaking military training received placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3× standard erythemal dose, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk), or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU·d-1 for 4 wk and then 400 IU·d-1 for 8 wk). URTI was diagnosed by a physician (study 1) and by using the Jackson common cold questionnaire (study 2). Serum 25(OH)D, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and cathelicidin were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In study 1, only 21% of recruits were vitamin D sufficient during winter. Vitamin D-sufficient recruits were 40% less likely to suffer URTI than recruits with 25(OH)D <50 nmol·L-1 (OR = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.4-0.9), an association that remained after accounting for sex and smoking. Each URTI caused, on average, three missed training days. In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (≥95%). Compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation reduced the severity of peak URTI symptoms by 15% and days with URTI by 36% (P < 0.05). These reductions were similar with both vitamin D strategies (P > 0.05). Supplementation did not affect salivary secretory immunoglobulin A or cathelicidin. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D sufficiency reduced the URTI burden during military training.


Asunto(s)
Colecalciferol/administración & dosificación , Personal Militar , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/terapia , Luz Solar , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunidad Mucosa , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven
4.
Eur J Nutr ; 60(1): 475-491, 2021 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32390123

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To determine serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D relationship with hepatitis B vaccination (study 1). Then, to investigate the effects on hepatitis B vaccination of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (serum 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L) by a unique comparison of simulated sunlight and oral vitamin D3 supplementation in wintertime (study 2). METHODS: Study 1 involved 447 adults. In study 2, 3 days after the initial hepatitis B vaccination, 119 men received either placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3 × standard-erythema dose, 3 × /week for 4 weeks and then 1 × /week for 8 weeks) or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU/day for 4 weeks and 400 IU/day for 8 weeks). We measured hepatitis B vaccination efficacy as percentage of responders with anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin G ≥ 10 mIU/mL. RESULTS: In study 1, vaccine response was poorer in persons with low vitamin D status (25(OH)D ≤ 40 vs 41-71 nmol/L mean difference [95% confidence interval] - 15% [- 26, - 3%]; 1,25(OH)2D ≤ 120 vs ≥ 157 pmol/L - 12% [- 24%, - 1%]). Vaccine response was also poorer in winter than summer (- 18% [- 31%, - 3%]), when serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were at seasonal nadirs, and 81% of persons had serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency from the winter vitamin D nadir in almost all (~ 95%); however, the supplementation beginning 3 days after the initial vaccination did not effect the vaccine response (vitamin D vs placebo 4% [- 21%, 14%]). CONCLUSION: Low vitamin D status at initial vaccination was associated with poorer hepatitis B vaccine response (study 1); however, vitamin D supplementation commencing 3 days after vaccination (study 2) did not influence the vaccination response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: Study 1 NCT02416895; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02416895 ; Study 2 NCT03132103; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03132103 .


Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra Hepatitis B , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Adulto , Colecalciferol , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Luz Solar , Vitamina D , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control
5.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed ; 36(5): 378-383, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32274870

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous exposure to sunlight is a major source of vitamin D. Individuals with photosensitivity disorders have symptoms provoked by sunlight and may not achieve the brief sunlight exposures that convey vitamin D acquisition. OBJECTIVE: To explore knowledge, behaviour and attitudes towards vitamin D and its acquisition in patients with photosensitivity. METHODS: Patients (n = 19) diagnosed with solar urticaria, erythropoietic protoporphyria or polymorphic light eruption at a specialist photoinvestigation centre participated in semi-structured focus groups to discuss vitamin D knowledge, acquisition behaviours and attitudes towards vitamin D acquisition through sunlight and diet. Discussions were analysed by thematic analysis using MAXQDA11. RESULTS: Knowledge of vitamin D was variable. There was good awareness that sunlight exposure is an important source but knowledge of dietary sources was poor. Patients had little concern for their own vitamin D status prior to attending the photoinvestigation centre. Most patients avoided sunlight exposure, were unable to achieve the guidance on sun exposure for healthy individuals and were aware this could affect their vitamin D status. Use of oral vitamin D supplements was common, and all were willing to consider supplements if required. Patients recommended improving education of clinicians to increase patient awareness of vitamin D, CONCLUSIONS: More targeted guidance is required on acquisition of vitamin D for patients with photosensitivity, supported by increased patient and clinician education.


Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Trastornos por Fotosensibilidad/complicaciones , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Anciano , Dieta , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , Luz Solar
6.
FASEB J ; 33(11): 13014-13027, 2019 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31518521

RESUMEN

Nutritional supplementation with fish oil or ω-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has potential benefits for skin inflammation. Although the differential metabolism of the main n-3PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could lead to distinct activities, there are no clinical studies comparing their relative efficacy in human skin. Following a 10-wk oral supplementation of healthy volunteers and using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, we found that n-3PUFA mainly affected the epidermal mediator lipidome. EPA was more efficient than DHA in reducing production of arachidonic acid-derived lipids, and both n-3PUFA lowered N-acyl ethanolamines. In UV radiation-challenged skin (3 times the minimum erythemal dose), EPA attenuated the production of proinflammatory lipids, whereas DHA abrogated the migration of Langerhans cells, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, n-3PUFA increased the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but did not alter the erythemal response, either the sunburn threshold or the resolution of erythema, as assessed by spectrophotometric hemoglobin index readings. As EPA and DHA differentially impact cutaneous inflammation through changes in the network of epidermal lipids and dendritic and infiltrating immune cells, they should be considered separately when designing interventions for cutaneous disease.-Kendall, A. C., Pilkington, S. M., Murphy, S. A., Del Carratore, F., Sunarwidhi, A. L., Kiezel-Tsugunova, M., Urquhart, P., Watson, R. E. B., Breitling, R., Rhodes, L. E., Nicolaou, A. Dynamics of the human skin mediator lipidome in response to dietary ω-3 fatty acid supplementation.


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Lipidómica , Piel/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven
7.
J Heart Lung Transplant ; 38(1): 59-65, 2019 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30352778

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Lung transplant recipients (LTRs) are at very high risk of skin cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating and could potentially reduce this risk. We assessed the feasibility of omega-3 FA supplementation to reduce skin cancer among these patients. METHODS: LTRs aged 18+ years, at least 1 year post-transplant, were recruited from the outpatient clinic of The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane. Participants were randomly allocated to 4-times-daily supplements containing either omega-3 FA (3.36 eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (4 g olive oil) for 12 months. Primary outcomes were rates of recruitment, retention, adherence (assessed by plasma omega-3 FA), and safety. Secondary outcomes were incident skin cancers. RESULTS: Among 106 eligible lung transplant recipients, 49 consented to take part (46%) with 25 allocated to omega-3 FA and 24 to placebo supplements. Of these, 22 (88%) and 20 (83%), respectively, completed the trial. After 12 months, median plasma EPA increased substantially in the intervention group (125.0 to 340.0 µmol/L), but not the placebo group (98.0 to 134.5 µmol/L). In the intervention group, 6 patients developed skin cancers compared with 11 in the placebo group, giving an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.34 (0.09 to 1.32). There were no serious, active intervention-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot trial among LTRs showed acceptable recruitment and high retention and adherence. We demonstrated a signal for reduction of new skin cancer cases in those taking omega-3 FA supplements, which supports the notion that a larger, more definitive trial is warranted.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Trasplante de Pulmón/efectos adversos , Cumplimiento de la Medicación , Neoplasias Cutáneas/prevención & control , Receptores de Trasplantes , Adulto , Anciano , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento
8.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 50(12): 2555-2564, 2018 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30048414

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between vitamin D status and exercise performance in a large, prospective cohort study of young men and women across seasons (study 1). Then, in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, to investigate the effects on exercise performance of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (serum 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol·L) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated-sunlight and oral vitamin D3 supplementation in wintertime (study 2). METHODS: In study 1, we determined 25(OH)D relationship with exercise performance in 967 military recruits. In study 2, 137 men received either placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3× standard erythemal dose in T-shirt and shorts, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk) or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU·d for 4 wk and then 400 IU·d for 8 wk). We measured serum 25(OH)D by high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and endurance, strength and power by 1.5-mile run, maximum dynamic lift and vertical jump, respectively. RESULTS: In study 1, only 9% of men and 36% of women were vitamin D sufficient during wintertime. After controlling for body composition, smoking, and season, 25(OH)D was positively associated with endurance performance (P ≤ 0.01, ΔR = 0.03-0.06, small f effect sizes): 1.5-mile run time was ~half a second faster for every 1 nmol·L increase in 25(OH)D. No significant effects on strength or power emerged (P > 0.05). In study 2, safe simulated sunlight and oral vitamin D3 supplementation were similarly effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (97%); however, this did not improve exercise performance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D status was associated with endurance performance but not strength or power in a prospective cohort study. Achieving vitamin D sufficiency via safe, simulated summer sunlight, or oral vitamin D3 supplementation did not improve exercise performance in a randomized-controlled trial.


Asunto(s)
Rendimiento Atlético , Colecalciferol/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ejercicio Físico , Luz Solar , Vitamina D/sangre , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Personal Militar , Estudios Prospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Reino Unido , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Adulto Joven
9.
Nutrients ; 10(4)2018 Apr 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29673142

RESUMEN

The body gains vitamin D through both oral intake (diet/supplementation) and synthesis in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Sun exposure is the major source for most people even though sun exposure is complex and limited by climate and culture. We aimed to quantify the sun exposure required to meet vitamin D targets year-round and determine whether this can be safely achieved in a simply defined manner in the UK as an alternative to increasing vitamin D oral intake. Data from observation (sun exposure, diet, and vitamin D status) and UVR intervention studies performed with white Caucasian adults were combined with modeled all-weather UVR climatology. Daily vitamin D effective UVR doses (all-weather) were calculated across the UK based on ten-year climatology for pre-defined lunchtime exposure regimes. Calculations then determined the time necessary to spend outdoors for the body to gain sufficient vitamin D levels for year-round needs without being sunburnt under differing exposure scenarios. Results show that, in specified conditions, white Caucasians across the UK need nine minutes of daily sunlight at lunchtime from March to September for 25(OH)D levels to remain ≥25 nmol/L throughout the winter. This assumes forearms and lower legs are exposed June-August, while in the remaining, cooler months only hands and face need be exposed. Exposing only the hands and face throughout the summer does not meet requirements.


Asunto(s)
Luz Solar , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Adulto , Humanos , Estaciones del Año , Piel , Pigmentación de la Piel , Factores de Tiempo , Rayos Ultravioleta , Reino Unido , Población Blanca
10.
Nutrients ; 10(4)2018 Apr 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29642423

RESUMEN

Sunlight exposure, with resulting cutaneous synthesis, is a major source of vitamin D for many, while dietary intake is low in modern diets. The constitutive pigment in skin determines skin type, observed as white, brown, or black skin. The melanin pigment absorbs ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and protects underlying skin from damage caused by UVR. It also reduces the UVR available for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. It has been shown that the white-skinned population of the UK are able to meet their vitamin D needs with short, daily lunchtime exposures to sunlight. We have followed the same methodology, based on a 10-year UK all-weather UVR climatology, observation (sun exposure, diet, vitamin D status), and UVR intervention studies with Fitzpatrick skin type V (brown) adults, to determine whether sunlight at UK latitudes could provide an adequate source of vitamin D for this section of the population. Results show that to meet vitamin D requirements, skin type V individuals in the UK need ~25 min daily sunlight at lunchtime, from March to September. This makes several assumptions, including that forearms and lower legs are exposed June-August; only exposing hands and face at this time is inadequate. For practical and cultural reasons, enhanced oral intake of vitamin D should be considered for this population.


Asunto(s)
Pigmentación de la Piel , Piel/efectos de la radiación , Luz Solar , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Estaciones del Año , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/fisiopatología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control
12.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed ; 33(4): 203-208, 2017 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28449308

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Solar UVR is a major cause of skin cancer but also an important source of vitamin D (VitD), essential for musculoskeletal health. Conflicting public health messages may confuse patients with skin cancer prone to further skin cancer. OBJECTIVE: To explore the knowledge, behaviour and attitudes of patients with skin cancer to sunlight exposure and VitD sources. METHODS: Patients (n = 10) previously treated for multiple basal cell cancer in a hospital setting participated in focus group sessions with semi-structured discussions to explore: knowledge of VitD, sun-avoidance behaviour and attitude towards sunlight exposure messages. Thematic data analysis was performed using software programme MAXQDA11. RESULTS: Pre-existing knowledge of VitD was low. Most patients practised sun avoidance and were not inclined to increase exposure. Patients did not perceive VitD deficiency as a substantial risk to their own health, or a need to take VitD supplements. They aimed to increase VitD status through dietary intake, but knowledge of food VitD content was lacking. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with skin cancer, appropriate to their heightened skin cancer risk, appeared unlikely to increase their sun exposure to gain VitD. However, education is required regarding the generally low levels of VitD in foodstuffs, and the requirement for supplements/fortified foods if strict sun avoidance is employed.


Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Neoplasias Basocelulares/terapia , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Neoplasias Cutáneas/terapia , Luz Solar , Vitamina D , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Conocimiento , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad
13.
Exp Dermatol ; 25(12): 962-968, 2016 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27572109

RESUMEN

Langerhans cells (LCs) are sentinels of skin's immune system, their loss from epidermis contributing to UVR suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids show potential to reduce UVR suppression of CMI in mice and humans, potentially through modulation of LC migration. Our objectives were to examine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ingestion influences UV-mediated effects on epidermal LC numbers and levels of immunomodulatory mediators including prostaglandin (PG)D2 , which is expressed by LC. In a double-blind randomised controlled study, healthy individuals took 5-g EPA-rich (n=40) or control (n=33) lipid for 12 weeks; UVR-exposed and unexposed skin samples were taken pre- and postsupplementation. Epidermal LC numbers were assessed by immunofluorescence for CD1a, and skin blister fluid PG and cytokines were quantified by LC-MS/MS and Luminex assay, respectively. Presupplementation, UVR reduced mean (SEM) LC number/mm2 from 913 (28) to 322 (40) (P<.001), and mean PGD2 level by 37% from 8.1 (11.6) to 5.1 (5.6) pg/µL; P<.001), while IL-8 level increased (P<.001). Despite confirmation of EPA bioavailability in red blood cells and skin in the active group, no between-group effect of EPA was found on UVR modulation of LC numbers, PGD2 or cytokine levels postsupplementation. Thus, no evidence was found for EPA reduction of photoimmunosuppression through an impact on epidermal LC numbers. Intriguingly, UVR exposure substantially reduced cutaneous PGD2 levels in humans, starkly contrasting with reported effects of UVR on other skin PG. Lowered PGD2 levels could reflect LC loss from the epidermis and/or altered dendritic cell activity and may be relevant for phototherapy of skin disease.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Células de Langerhans/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Adulto , Citocinas/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prostaglandina D2/análogos & derivados , Prostaglandina D2/metabolismo , Piel/inmunología , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de la radiación , Adulto Joven
14.
J Clin Med ; 5(2)2016 Feb 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26861407

RESUMEN

Considerable circumstantial evidence has accrued from both experimental animal and human clinical studies that support a role for omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Direct evidence from animal studies has shown that omega-3 FA inhibit ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced carcinogenic expression. In contrast, increasing levels of dietary omega-6 FA increase UVR carcinogenic expression, with respect to a shorter tumor latent period and increased tumor multiplicity. Both omega-6 and omega-3 FA are essential FA, necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health and although these two classes of FA exhibit only minor structural differences, these differences cause them to act significantly differently in the body. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA, metabolized through the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways, lead to differential metabolites that are influential in inflammatory and immune responses involved in carcinogenesis. Clinical studies have shown that omega-3 FA ingestion protects against UVR-induced genotoxicity, raises the UVR-mediated erythema threshold, reduces the level of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in UVR-irradiated human skin, and appears to protect human skin from UVR-induced immune-suppression. Thus, there is considerable evidence that omega-3 FA supplementation might be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of NMSC, especially in those individuals who are at highest risk.

15.
J Nutr Biochem ; 27: 203-10, 2016 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26454512

RESUMEN

Dietary flavonoids may protect against sunburn inflammation in skin. Preliminary reports using less complete analysis suggest that certain catechins and their metabolites are found in skin biopsies and blister fluid after consumption of green tea; however, it is not known if they are affected by solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or whether conjugated forms, with consequently altered bioactivity, are present. The present study tested the hypothesis that UVR affects the catechin levels in the skin of healthy volunteers after consumption of green tea and how catechins in the plasma are related to their presence in skin tissue samples. In an open oral intervention study, 11 subjects consumed green tea and vitamin C supplements daily for 3months. Presupplementation and postsupplementation plasma samples, suction blister fluid and skin biopsies were collected; the latter two samples were collected both before and after UVR. A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric assay was used to measure the intact catechin metabolites, conjugates and free forms. Seven green tea catechins and their corresponding metabolites were identified postsupplementation in skin biopsies, 20 in blister fluid and 26 in plasma, with 15 green tea catechin metabolites present in both blister fluid and plasma. The valerolactone, O-methyl-M4-O-sulfate, a gut microbiota metabolite of catechins, was significantly increased 1.6-fold by UVR in blister fluid samples. In conclusion, there were some common catechin metabolites in the plasma and blister fluid, and the concentration was always higher in plasma. The results suggest that green tea catechins and metabolites are bioavailable in skin and provide a novel link between catechin metabolites derived from the skin and gut microbiota.


Asunto(s)
Catequina/farmacología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de la radiación , Té/química , Rayos Ultravioleta , Adolescente , Adulto , Disponibilidad Biológica , Catequina/sangre , Catequina/farmacocinética , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Femenino , Humanos , Límite de Detección , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Piel/metabolismo , Adulto Joven
16.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 102(3): 608-15, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26178731

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Safe systemic protection from the health hazards of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight is desirable. Green tea is consumed globally and is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may be mediated through the impact on cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Recent data suggest that green tea catechins (GTCs) reduce acute UVR effects, but human trials examining their photoprotective potential are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to examine whether GTCs protect against clinical, histologic, and biochemical indicators of UVR-induced inflammation. DESIGN: Healthy adults (aged 18-65 y, phototypes I-II) were randomly allocated to 1350 mg encapsulated green tea extract (540 mg GTC) with 50 mg vitamin C or placebo twice daily for 3 mo. Impact on skin erythema, dermal leukocytic infiltration, and concentrations of proinflammatory eicosanoids was assessed after solar-simulated UVR challenge, and subject compliance was determined through assay of urinary GTC metabolite epigallocatechin glucuronide. RESULTS: Volunteers were assigned to the active (n = 25) or the placebo (n = 25) group. After supplementation, median (IQR) sunburn threshold (minimal erythema dose) was 28 (20-28) and 20 (20-28) mJ/cm(2) in the active and placebo groups, respectively (nonsignificant), with no difference in AUC analysis for measured erythema index after a geometric series of 10 UVR doses. Skin immunohistochemistry showed increased neutrophil and CD3(+) T-lymphocyte numbers post-UVR in both groups (P < 0.01) with no statistically significant differences between groups after supplementation. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites prostaglandin E2 (vasodilator) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoicacid (chemoattractant), respectively, increased after UVR (P < 0.05), with no differences between supplementation groups. CONCLUSION: Oral GTC (1080 mg/d) with vitamin C over 3 mo did not significantly reduce skin erythema, leukocyte infiltration, or eicosanoid response to UVR inflammatory challenge. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01032031.


Asunto(s)
Catequina/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Té/química , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Ácido 12-Hidroxi-5,8,10,14-Eicosatetraenoico/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Adulto , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Catequina/orina , Suplementos Dietéticos , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Método Doble Ciego , Eritema/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Quemadura Solar/tratamiento farmacológico , Quemadura Solar/etiología , Adulto Joven
17.
J Invest Dermatol ; 135(6): 1510-1520, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25668241

RESUMEN

The skin produces bioactive lipids that participate in physiological and pathological states, including homeostasis, induction, propagation, and resolution of inflammation. However, comprehension of the cutaneous lipid complement, and contribution to differing roles of the epidermal and dermal compartments, remains incomplete. We assessed the profiles of eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, N-acyl ethanolamides, and sphingolipids, in human dermis, epidermis, and suction blister fluid. We identified 18 prostanoids, 12 hydroxy-fatty acids, 9 endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamides, and 21 non-hydroxylated ceramides and sphingoid bases, several demonstrating significantly different expression in the tissues assayed. The array of dermal and epidermal fatty acids was reflected in the lipid mediators produced, whereas similarities between lipid profiles in blister fluid and epidermis indicated a primarily epidermal origin of suction blister fluid. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids ex vivo showed that their action is mediated through perturbation of existing species and formation of other anti-inflammatory lipids. These findings demonstrate the diversity of lipid mediators involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis in resting skin and hint at their contribution to signaling, cross-support, and functions of different skin compartments. Profiling lipid mediators in biopsies and suction blister fluid can support studies investigating cutaneous inflammatory responses, dietary manipulation, and skin diseases lacking biomarkers and therapeutic targets.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Lípidos/química , Piel/metabolismo , Adulto , Amidas/metabolismo , Biopsia , Vesícula/metabolismo , Ceramidas/química , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Dermis/metabolismo , Eicosanoides/metabolismo , Endocannabinoides/metabolismo , Epidermis/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Transducción de Señal , Piel/patología , Enfermedades de la Piel/metabolismo , Esfingolípidos/metabolismo
18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25306116

RESUMEN

The simultaneous analysis of free-form and conjugated flavonoids in the same sample is difficult but necessary to properly estimate their bioavailability. A method was developed to optimise the extraction of both free and conjugated forms of catechins and metabolites in a biological sample following the consumption of green tea. A double-blind randomised controlled trial was performed in which 26 volunteers consumed daily green tea and vitamin C supplements and 24 consumed a placebo for 3 months. Urine was collected for 24h at 4 separate time points (pre- and post-consumption) to confirm compliance to the supplementation and to distinguish between placebo and supplementation consumption. The urine was assessed for both free and conjugated metabolites of green tea using LC-MS(2) analysis, after a combination extraction method, which involved an ethyl acetate extraction followed by an acetonitrile protein precipitation. The combination method resulted in a good recovery of EC-O-sulphate (91±7%), EGC-O-glucuronide (94±6%), EC (95±6%), EGC (111±5%) and ethyl gallate (74±3%). A potential total of 55 catechin metabolites were investigated, and of these, 26 conjugated (with methyl, glucuronide or sulphate groups) and 3 free-form (unconjugated) compounds were identified in urine following green tea consumption. The majority of EC and EGC conjugates significantly increased post-consumption of green tea in comparison to baseline (pre-supplementation) samples. The conjugated metabolites associated with the highest peak areas were O-methyl-EC-O-sulphate and the valerolactones M6/M6'-O-sulphate. In line with previous studies, EC and EGC were only identified as conjugated derivatives, and EGCG and ECG were not found as mono-conjugated or free-forms. In summary, the method reported here provides a good recovery of catechin compounds and is appropriate for use in the assessment of flavonoid bioavailability, particularly for biological tissues that may contain endogenous deconjugating enzymes.


Asunto(s)
Catequina/orina , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Té/química , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Límite de Detección
19.
Mol Nutr Food Res ; 58(3): 580-90, 2014 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24311515

RESUMEN

SCOPE: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), abundant in oily fish, is reported to reduce skin inflammation and provide photoprotection, potential mechanisms include competition with arachidonic acid (AA) for metabolism by cyclooxygenases/lipoxygenases to less pro-inflammatory mediators. We thus examine impact of EPA intake on levels of AA, EPA and their resulting eicosanoids in human skin with or without ultraviolet radiation (UVR) challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a double-blind randomised controlled study, 79 females took 5 g EPA-rich or control lipid for 12 wk. Pre- and post-supplementation, red blood cell and skin polyunsaturated fatty acids were assessed by GC, and eicosanoids from unexposed and UVR-exposed skin by LC-MS/MS. Active supplementation increased red blood cell and dermal EPA versus control (both p < 0.001), lowering relative AA:EPA content (4:1 versus 15:1 and 5:1 versus 11:1, respectively; both p < 0.001). Pre-supplementation, UVR increased PGE2, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, 12-HEPE (all p < 0.001) and PGE3 (p < 0.05). Post-EPA, PGE2 was reduced in unchallenged skin (p < 0.05) while EPA-derived PGE3 (non-sign) and 12-HEPE (p < 0.01) were elevated post-UVR. Thus, post-EPA, PGE2 :PGE3 was lower in unchallenged (12:1 versus 28:1; p < 0.05) and UVR exposed (12:1 versus 54:1; p < 0.01) skin; 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids:12-HEPE was lower in UVR-exposed skin (3:1 versus 11:1; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dietary EPA augments skin EPA:AA content, shifting eicosanoid synthesis towards less pro-inflammatory species, and promoting a regulatory milieu under basal conditions and in response to inflammatory insult.


Asunto(s)
Eicosanoides/biosíntesis , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Ácido 12-Hidroxi-5,8,10,14-Eicosatetraenoico/metabolismo , Adulto , Alprostadil/análogos & derivados , Alprostadil/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Eritema/dietoterapia , Eritema/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/metabolismo , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de la radiación
20.
Int J Cancer ; 135(1): 149-56, 2014 Jul 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24265065

RESUMEN

Skin cancers have a higher incidence than all other cancers combined and are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Laboratory data suggest certain dietary constituents, notably omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), could potentially protect against skin malignancy, although no large-scale review has been conducted in humans. The objective of this review and meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFAs and skin cancer incidence. It considered all published randomized controlled trials and observational studies up to March 2013. Five studies (two case-control and three cohort) were identified pertaining to oral n-3 PUFA consumption and incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma (or a combination) and were included in a random-effects meta-analysis. A further six studies considering nondietary n-3 PUFA exposure (e.g., by tissue analysis) and/or recognized biological markers of skin cancer risk (e.g., p53 expression) were analyzed qualitatively. Dietary n-3 PUFAs were not associated with BCC (pooled OR 1.05, 95% CIs 0.86-1.28). Consumption of high levels of n-3 PUFAs were inversely associated with melanoma, although with only one estimate available (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.78), and SCC, although nonsignificantly (pooled OR 0.86, 95% CIs 0.59-1.23). Available evidence is suggestive, but currently inadequate, to support the hypothesis that n-3 PUFAs protect against skin malignancy.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/dietoterapia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/epidemiología , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología
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