A series of three case reports in patients with phenylketonuria performing regular exercise: first steps in dietary adjustment.

Background Phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare, inherited metabolic condition, is treated with a strict low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet, supplemented with Phe-free protein substitute. The optimal nutritional management of a sporting individual with PKU has not been described. Therefore, guidelines for the general athlete have to be adapted. Case presentation Three clinical scenarios of sporting patients with PKU are given, illustrating dietary adaptations to usual management and challenges to attain optimal sporting performance. Therefore, the main objectives of sports nutrition in PKU are to (1) maintain a high carbohydrate diet; (2) carefully monitor hydration status; and (3) give attention to the timing of protein substitute intake in the immediate post-exercise recovery phase. Optimal energy intake should be given prior to, during and post exercise training sessions or competition. Fortunately, a usual low-Phe diet is rich in carbohydrate, but attention is required on the types of special low-protein foods chosen. Acute exercise does not seem to influence blood Phe concentrations, but further evidence is needed. Summary Well-treated PKU patients should be able to participate in sports activities, but this is associated with increased nutritional requirements and dietary adjustments. Conclusions It should be the goal of all sporting patients with PKU to maintain good metabolic Phe control and attain maximal athletic performance.

Special low protein foods for phenylketonuria: availability in Europe and an examination of their nutritional profile.

BACKGROUND: Special low protein foods (SLPF) are essential in the nutritional management of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). The study objectives were to: 1) identify the number of SLPF available for use in eight European countries and Turkey and 2) analyse the nutritional composition of SLPF available in one of these countries. METHODS: European Nutritionist Expert Panel on PKU (ENEP) members (Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Denmark and Turkey) provided data on SPLF available in each country. The nutritional composition of Portuguese SLPF was compared with regular food products. RESULTS: The number of different SLPF available in each country varied widely with a median of 107 [ranging from 73 (Portugal) and 256 (Italy)]. Food analysis of SLPF available from a single country (Portugal) indicated that the mean phenylalanine content was higher in low protein baby cereals (mean 48 mg/100 g) and chocolate/energy bars/jelly (mean 41 mg/100 g). The energy content of different foods from a sub-group of SLPF (cookies) varied widely between 23 and 96 kcal/cookie. Low protein bread had a high fat content [mean 5.8 g/100 g (range 3.7 to 10)] compared with 1.6 g/100 g in regular bread. Seven of the 12 SLPF sub-groups (58 %) did not declare any vitamin content, and only 4 (33 %) identified a limited number of minerals. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst equal and free access to all SLPF is desirable, the widely variable nutritional composition requires careful nutritional knowledge of all products when prescribed for individual patients with PKU. There is a need for more specific nutritional standards for special low protein foods.

A Belgian consensus-statement on growing-up milks for children 12-36 months old.

UNLABELLED: Growing-up milks (GUM) are milk-based drinks with low protein and added minerals and vitamins intended for children 12-36 months. Since the advantages of GUM are heavily debated, we reviewed the literature. A literature search was done using the classic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane) on the use of GUM in 12- to 36-month-old young children. Only limited data are available. GUM have a highly variable composition as their marketing is not regulated. Nevertheless, all papers conclude that GUM help to cover nutritional requirements of 12- to 36-month-old infants. CONCLUSION: Appropriate intakes of macro- and micronutrients in 1- to 3-year-old children have long-term health benefits. Present diets offered to toddlers do in general not meet the requirements. Supplemented foods are therefore helpful, of which GUM is a possibility.