Predictors of urinary and blood Metal(loid) concentrations among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico.

Given the potential adverse health effects related to toxic trace metal exposure and insufficient or excessive levels of essential trace metals in pregnant women and their fetuses, the present study characterizes biomarkers of metal and metalloid exposure at repeated time points during pregnancy among women in Puerto Rico. We recruited 1040 pregnant women from prenatal clinics and collected urine, blood, and questionnaire data on demographics, product use, food consumption, and water usage at up to three visits. All samples were analyzed for 16 metal(loid)s: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Urine samples were additionally analyzed for molybdenum (Mo), platinum (Pt), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), and tungsten (W). Mean concentrations of most metal(loid)s were higher among participants compared to the general US female population. We found weak to moderate correlations for inter-matrix comparisons, and moderate to strong correlations between several metal(loid)s measured within each biological matrix. Blood concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Hg, and Pb were shown to reflect reliable biomarkers of exposure. For other metals, repeated samples are recommended for exposure assessment in epidemiology studies. Predictors of metal(loid) biomarkers included fish and rice consumption (urinary As), fish and canned food (blood Hg), drinking public water (blood Pb), smoking (blood Cd), and iron/folic acid supplement use (urinary Cs, Mo, and Sb). Characterization of metal(loid) biomarker variation over time and between matrices, and identification of important exposure sources, may inform future epidemiology studies and exposure reduction strategies.

Association between maternal diet factors and hemoglobin levels, glucose tolerance, blood pressure and gestational age in a Hispanic population / Asociación entre los factores de la dieta y los niveles de hemoglobina, tolerancia a la glucosa, presión arterial y edad gestacional en una población hispana

The aim of this study was to describe the dietary patterns of pregnant women in northern Puerto Rico and explore associations between diet factors with pregnancy related measurements. This analysis is based on the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT), a prospective cohort that is studying environmental risk factors for preterm births in PR. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) around 20-28 weeks of gestation. The following pregnancy related measures were collected from the medical records: hemoglobin, blood glucose, blood pressure and gestational age. Potential associations between diet factors and pregnancy measures were assessed using chi square analysis with SPSS. A total of 180 participants completed the FFQ; low hemoglobin levels was found in 19.2%, high blood glucose levels was found in 21.1% by fasting blood glucose test and 24.6%by 1-hour 50 g oral glucose screening test, high blood pressure was found in 2.9% (systolic) and 6.5% (diastolic), and pre-term birth was found in 10.4% of the participants. High consumption of rice, desserts and sweets was associated with higher levels of fasting blood glucose levels (p<0.05), while high consumption of vegetables was associated with higher 1-hour glucose challenge test (p<0.05).No other significant associations were found. In conclusion, consumption of high dense energy food diets in pregnancy, such as rice, sweets and desserts, can lead to high levels of blood glucose and can be a potential predictor of other pregnancy complications during pregnancy in these study participants, such as gestational diabetes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los hábitos alimentarios de mujeres embarazadas en Puerto Rico y explorar la asociación entre factores dietarios y medidas del embarazo. Este fue un análisis de datos basado en un estudio de cohorte prospectivo (PROTECT), que estudia los factores de riesgo ambientales para el embarazo pre-término en mujeres embarazadas. Las participantes completaron un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) en las semanas 20-28 de gestación. Los niveles de hemoglobina, glucosa en sangre, presión arterial y edad gestacional se recogieron de expediente médicos. Posibles asociaciones entre factores dietéticos y las medidas del embarazo fueron evaluadas usando Ji cuadrado en SPSS. Un total de 180 participantes completaron el FFQ; 19,2% tuvo bajos niveles de hemoglobina, 21.1% tuvo niveles altos de glucemia por prueba de glucosa en ayunas y 24,6% por prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa de 1 hora; la hipertensión arterial fue encontrada en 2,9% (sistólica) y 6,5% (diastólica) y nacimiento prematuro fue encontrado en 10,4%. Un alto consumo de arroz, postres y dulces se asoció con mayores niveles de glucosa en ayunas (p<0,05), mientras que el alto consumo de vegetales se asoció con mayor nivel de la prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa (p<0,05). No se encontró ninguna otra asociación significativa. En conclusión, el consumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética en el embarazo como arroz, postres y dulces pueden elevar los niveles de glucosa en sangre, lo cual puede ser un predictor potencial de complicaciones en el embarazo en estas participantes, como diabetes gestacional.

Association between maternal diet factors and hemoglobin levels, glucose tolerance, blood pressure and gestational age in a Hispanic population.

The aim of this study was to describe the dietary patterns of pregnant women in northern Puerto Rico and explore associations between diet factors with pregnancy related measurements. This analysis is based on the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT), a prospective cohort that is studying environmental risk factors for preterm births in PR. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) around 20-28 weeks of gestation. The following pregnancy related measures were collected from the medical records: hemoglobin, blood glucose, blood pressure and gestational age. Potential associations between diet factors and pregnancy measures were assessed using chi square analysis with SPSS. A total of 180 participants completed the FFQ; low hemoglobin levels was found in 19.2%, high blood glucose levels was found in 21.1% by fasting blood glucose test and 24.6%by 1-hour 50 g oral glucose screening test, high blood pressure was found in 2.9% (systolic) and 6.5% (diastolic), and pre-term birth was found in 10.4% of the participants. High consumption of rice, desserts and sweets was associated with higher levels of fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.05), while high consumption of vegetables was associated with higher 1-hour glucose challenge test (p < 0.05).No other significant associations were found. In conclusion, consumption of high dense energy food diets in pregnancy, such as rice, sweets and desserts, can lead to high levels of blood glucose and can be a potential predictor of other pregnancy complications during pregnancy in these study participants, such as gestational diabetes.