A multiple ion-uptake phenotyping platform reveals shared mechanisms affecting nutrient uptake by roots.

Nutrient uptake is critical for crop growth and is determined by root foraging in soil. Growth and branching of roots lead to effective root placement to acquire nutrients, but relatively little is known about absorption of nutrients at the root surface from the soil solution. This knowledge gap could be alleviated by understanding sources of genetic variation for short-term nutrient uptake on a root length basis. A modular platform called RhizoFlux was developed for high-throughput phenotyping of multiple ion-uptake rates in maize (Zea mays L.). Using this system, uptake rates were characterized for the crop macronutrients nitrate, ammonium, potassium, phosphate, and sulfate among the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population founder lines. The data revealed substantial genetic variation for multiple ion-uptake rates in maize. Interestingly, specific nutrient uptake rates (nutrient uptake rate per length of root) were found to be both heritable and distinct from total uptake and plant size. The specific uptake rates of each nutrient were positively correlated with one another and with specific root respiration (root respiration rate per length of root), indicating that uptake is governed by shared mechanisms. We selected maize lines with high and low specific uptake rates and performed an RNA-seq analysis, which identified key regulatory components involved in nutrient uptake. The high-throughput multiple ion-uptake kinetics pipeline will help further our understanding of nutrient uptake, parameterize holistic plant models, and identify breeding targets for crops with more efficient nutrient acquisition.

Amaurosis, an Unusual Complication Secondary to Inferior Alveolar Nerve Anesthesia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Ocular complications after an inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia are rare. These complications, although temporary and benign, can be distressing to both the patient and the clinician. A 37-year-old male patient was administered an inferior alveolar nerve block for the root canal treatment of tooth #30. Immediately after the administration of local anesthesia, the patient reported complete loss of vision. The patient recovered completely after 15 minutes. In particular, amaurosis is quite uncommon and usually heralds a more sinister pathology such as stroke. This case report presents an unusual case of ocular complication after an inferior alveolar nerve block. Adequate knowledge of the regional anatomy and physiology of the orbit and its nearby structures, the proposed causes of ocular complications, and prevention and management is necessary to manage such events.

Nanominerals, fullerene aggregates, and hazardous elements in coal and coal combustion-generated aerosols: An environmental and toxicological assessment.

Studies on coal-derived nanoparticles as well as nano-minerals are important in the context of the human health and the environment. The coal combustion-generated aerosols also affect human health and environmental quality aspects in any coal-fired station. In this study, the feed coals and their combustion-generated aerosols from coal-fired boilers of two tea industry facilities were investigated for the presence of nanoparticles/nano minerals, fullerene aggregates, and potentially hazardous elements (PHEs). The samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS), High resolution-transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (HR-TEM/EDS) and Ultra Violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to know their extent of environmental risks to the human health when present in coals and aerosols. The feed coals contain mainly clay minerals, whilst glass fragments, spinel, quartz, and other minerals occur in lesser quantities. The PM samples contain potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) like As, Pb, Cd and Hg. Enrichment factor of the trace elements in particulate matters (PMs) was calculated to determine their sources. The aerosol samples were also found to contain nanomaterials and ultrafine particles. The fullerene aggregates along with potentially hazardous elements were also detected in the aerosol samples. The cytotoxicity studies on the coal combustion-generated PM samples show their potential risk to the human health. This detailed investigation on the inter-relationship between the feed coals and their aerosol chemistry will be useful for understanding the extent of environmental hazards and related human health risk.

Evolution of the reproductive endocrine system in chordates.

The cephalochordate, amphioxus, is phylogenetically placed at the most primitive position in the chordate clade. Despite many studies on the endocrine system of amphioxus, definitive evidence has not been reported for the presence an endocrine system comparable to the pituitary-gonadal axis, which is important in the regulation of reproduction in vertebrates. Recent genome analyses in the amphioxus, Branchiostoma floridae, showed that it does not have any pituitary hormone genes except the thyrostimulin gene. Thyrostimulin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone consisting of α and ß subunits, and is present in various organs of vertebrates. Analyses of a phylogenetic tree and a synteny suggest that amphioxus' thyrostimulin is an ancestral type of the glycoprotein hormones in chordates. In addition, genes for sex steroidogenic enzymes belonging to the CYP family were found in the genome sequences. The conversion pathway of sex steroids from cholesterol to estrogen, androgen, and major sex steroids was also identified in the gonads of amphioxus in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of genes encoding thyrostimulin and sex steroidogenic enzymes by an in situ hybridization technique. Here, we discuss the evolution of hormones and reproductive functions in the neuroendocrine control system of chordates.

Arsenic-induced changes in optic tectal histoarchitecture and acetylcholinesterase-acetylcholine profile in Channa punctatus: amelioration by selenium.

Fish (Channa punctatus Bloch) were exposed in vivo for 14 days to non-lethal doses of As2O3 (10% LC50 and 5% LC50). Several endpoints related to histoarchitectural and acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase (ACh-AChE) profile in the optic tectum were evaluated. Histological examination showed aggregated, disorganized and necrotic cells with irregular outlines in the different layers of optic tectum in the As-treated fish. The histopathological changes were more pronounced on day 7 than on other days and the damage was found to recover on day 14. ACh content and AChE activity demonstrated the usual inverse trend. Arsenic treatment was associated with a dose-dependent increase in AChE activity on day 1, a decrease on day 2 and reactivation on day 7, returning to the basal level on day 14. In vitro inhibition kinetics were set up to determine I50 (35 microM) concentration of As2O3. The ameliorative potential of selenium on arsenic-mediated inhibition of AChE revealed a positive role of Se, especially when Se preceded As2O3 treatment, either in vitro or in vivo.