RESUMEN
Potato virus T (PVT), a member of an unassigned species in the family Flexiviridae, has a genome 6,539 nt in size with three ORFs coding for replication-associated proteins (185 kDa, ORF 1), movement protein (40 kDa, ORF 2) and coat protein (24 kDa, ORF 3), respectively. PVT differs from the type members of all genera of the family Flexiviridae with a 30K-type movement protein and is phylogenetically distant from all of these viruses, least so from grapevine virus A (GVA, genus Vitivirus), with which it groups in all trees. The viral genome resembles that of trichoviruses but is smaller and does not contain the 3' terminal fourth ORF found in some members of this genus. PTV may represent a new genus of plant viruses for which the provisional name of Andesvirus is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Flexiviridae/genética , Genoma Viral , Virus de Plantas/genética , Solanum tuberosum/virología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Proteínas de la Cápside/química , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Flexiviridae/clasificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogenia , Proteínas de Movimiento Viral en Plantas/química , Proteínas de Movimiento Viral en Plantas/genética , Virus de Plantas/clasificación , ARN Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
Preparing competent administrators to work in today's dynamic healthcare environment is a challenging task for contemporary educators. Experiential exercises in the classroom can contribute significantly to student training. This paper reviews the benefits to students of actively participating in simulations and role-plays, as well as the challenges in running such exercises. A simulation designed specifically for healthcare administration students is presented with details and implementation instructions. The intent of this article is to impart to other educators the learning experiences in running this particular simulation to inspire dialogue and program improvement. Readers are encouraged to create simulation exercises with optimum relevance for their students. Information to obtain e-mail versions of the simulation is also provided.
Asunto(s)
Administración Hospitalaria/educación , Modelos Educacionales , Desempeño de Papel , Educación Basada en Competencias , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Humanos , Competencia Profesional , Enseñanza/métodos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
White stripe is a disease affecting leek in France with which an isometric virus c. 30 nm in diameter is associated. The most evident symptom is the presence of white stripes on the leaves extending to the stem. Attempts to demonstrate transmission through the soil by sowing or transplanting leek in contaminated soil were unsuccessful. The virus was transmitted by sap inoculation to a narrow range of herbaceous hosts, all of which were infected only locally. Virus purification was from infected leek tissues, where it accumulated in large amounts, as demonstrated by ultrastructural observations. RNA was extracted from purified virus preparations and cDNA clones were prepared. The complete nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA was determined: The genome is 3,662 nucleotides long and contains five open reading frames (ORFs). The first (ORF 1) encodes a putative translation product of M(r) 23,803 (p24) and read through of its amber stop codon results in a protein of M(r) 82,625 (p83) (ORF 2). ORF 3 and ORF 4 encode two small polypeptides of M(r) 11,280 (p11) and M(r) 6,261 (p6), respectively. ORF 5 encodes the capsid protein of M(r) 27,460 (p27). The genome organization and sequence alignments with the corresponding products of necroviruses suggest that the virus isolated from leek is a new species in the genus Necrovirus, for which the name of leek white stripe virus (LWSV) is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Virus de Plantas/genética , Virus de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Viral/análisis , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Cápside/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico , Clonación Molecular , Codón de Terminación , ADN Complementario/genética , Genoma Viral , Microscopía Electrónica , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Cebollas/ultraestructura , Cebollas/virología , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogenia , Virus de Plantas/ultraestructura , ARN Viral/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Proteínas Virales/genética , Virosis/genética , Virosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
The complete genomic sequence of pothos latent virus (PoLV) has been determined. The genome organization is very similar to that of tombusviruses. The genome is 4415 nucleotides long and contains five ORFs. The 5' ORF (ORF 1) encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 25 kDa and readthrough of its amber stop codon results in an 84 kDa protein (ORF 2). ORF 3 encodes the 40 kDa capsid protein. Two nested ORFs (ORFs 4 and 5) in different reading frames encode 27 and 14 kDa proteins, respectively. Amino acid sequence alignments revealed significant similarities between the readthrough portion of ORF 2 and the coat protein (ORF 3) of PoLV and the corresponding proteins of several tombusviruses. Conversely, the predicted products of ORFs 1, 4 and 5 showed only limited similarity to the equivalent tombusvirus proteins. These results support the conclusion that PoLV is a new but atypical member of the family Tombusviridae.