Computerized dental injection fear treatment: a randomized clinical trial.

One in four adults reports a clinically significant fear of dental injections, leading many to avoid dental care. While systematic desensitization is the most common therapeutic method for treating specific phobias such as fear of dental injections, lack of access to trained therapists, as well as dentists' lack of training and time in providing such a therapy, means that most fearful individuals are not able to receive the therapy needed to be able to receive necessary dental treatment. Computer Assisted Relaxation Learning (CARL) is a self-paced computerized treatment based on systematic desensitization for dental injection fear. This multicenter, block-randomized, dentist-blind, parallel-group study conducted in 8 sites in the United States compared CARL with an informational pamphlet in reducing fear of dental injections. Participants completing CARL reported significantly greater reduction in self-reported general and injection-specific dental anxiety measures compared with control individuals (p < .001). Twice as many CARL participants (35.3%) as controls (17.6%) opted to receive a dental injection after the intervention, although this was not statistically significant. CARL, therefore, led to significant changes in self-reported fear in study participants, but no significant differences in the proportion of participants having a dental injection.

[Tolerance studies of an intravenous fat emulsion (FE-S15) with beagle dogs]. / Untersuchungen zur Verträglichkeit einer intravenösen Fettemulsion (FE-S15) bei Beagle-Hunden.

The potential toxicity of FE-S15, a soybean oil fat emulsion used in parenteral nutrition, was studied in dogs. Forty pure bred beagles, divided into two experimental groups (FE-S15 at 9 and 4 gm/kg BW/day) and two corresponding control groups (receiving Dextrose Ringer's Solution) were given daily infusions for 28 days via a central venous catheter. When compared with control groups no significant weight loss was observed in either experimental group; the food intake decreased only in animals receiving fat in high doses. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in all groups, the greatest fall observed in the group receiving high dose fat infusion was the hematocrit decline from 43.9% to 31%. This decrease was significantly different from the control only during one observation period. The total serum lipids, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations of the animals receiving fat in high doses increased 3-4 times in comparison to that of the control group; cholesterol increased 5 times. The serum protein level fell from 6.5 to 5.1 gm/dl in animals receiving 9 gm/kg BW/day while animals receiving 4 gm/kg BW/day had a significant increase to 8.4 gm/dl. Except for an overall decreased activity clinical sign such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea were infrequent and equally observed in experimental and control animals. The post mortem examination did not reveal changes that must be attributed to the administered fat. It is concluded that the fat emulsion FE-S15 is fairly well tolerated in dogs at a potentially toxic level.