The reward positivity: Comparing visual and auditory feedback.

Past work has demonstrated that the reward positivity (RewP) indexes a feedback-monitoring system sensitive to positive outcomes. Research on the RewP has frequently used simple guessing tasks. In the doors task, participants receive either feedback denoting monetary gain or loss on each trial after choosing one of two doors to "open." Typically, these tasks present visual stimuli on a computer monitor. The current study developed and validated a version of the doors task utilizing auditory stimuli to indicate gains and losses. Thirty-eight young adults completed both a standard visual doors task and a novel auditory doors task. Results indicated that the audio RewP was more positive and peaked earlier than the visual RewP. Additionally, the audio RewP both moderately correlated with and demonstrated similar internal consistency as the visual RewP. These results suggest that the auditory doors task elicits the same feedback-monitoring processes as the visual doors task.

"Mixed" trauma to the carotid artery in a mixed martial arts injury - A case report and review of the literature.

We present the case of a mixed martial arts (MMA) cage fighter who presented to the emergency department with a right sided common carotid artery pseudoaneurysm as a result of a neck trauma at an MMA event. We discuss the management of blunt force neck trauma, differential diagnosis, imaging findings and review the literature on blunt cerebrovascular injury following blunt force injury to the neck.